RECORDS OF THE PAST

New Series

_______________

BEING
ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS
OF THE
ANCIENT MONUMENTS OF EGYPT AND
WESTERN ASIA

EDITED BY A. H. SAYCE

VOLUME SIX

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CONTENTS

{p.v}

PREFACE

WITH the present volume the New Series of the Records of the Past comes to an end. The public seems to prefer books about the ancient inscriptions of the Oriental world rather than translations of the inscriptions themselves, and it would therefore be undesirable to continue to publish them. The curiosity excited by the first attempts at the decipherment of the Egyptian and Assyrian texts appears now to be satisfied, and even students of the Old Testament are contented to allow questions which bear directly on Biblical history and interpretation to be settled by the small but enthusiastic body of workers in the fields of Egyptian and Assyrian research.

And yet an interest in the old monuments of the civilised East is no longer confined to the nations of the west. Egyptians, as is fitting, have begun to examine for themselves the past records of their own country, and the last volume of the Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie contains a learned and valuable article by a Japanese Assyriologist (Mr. Le Gac) on one of the oldest Sumerian texts which the soil of Babylonia has bequeathed to us.

{p.vi}

But whether the public remains interested or indifferent the work of discovery goes on. It is upon the students of the cuneiform texts more especially that new facts are crowding year by year. In the present volume will be found translations of a new series of cuneiform documents which reveal the existence of an Assyrian dialect in the highlands of eastern Asia Minor in the age of the Hebrew exodus. It is only ten years ago that the sagacity of Mr. Pinches discovered that such documents existed at all, and it is only now that their decipherment has become possible.

In my Address to the Assyriological Section of the Oriental Congress of 1892 I drew attention to the light which Assyrian research is beginning to throw even upon later Greek history. Among the astronomical tablets of the Seleukid period which have been copied and published by Dr. Strassmaier is one which is dated in "the 37th year of Antiochus and Seleucus the kings," that is to say, in 275 BC. In the previous year it is stated that the king collected his troops and marched to the country of Sapardu, the Sepharad of Obadiah 20, which a comparison of the account with what we learn from Greek writers would show to have corresponded with the Bithynia and Galatia of classical geography. It seems that Antiochus left a garrison there, in order to face the Egyptian army at the ford of the river Rudu. The Egyptian army, however, crossed the stream. A few days later the mumahir or "governor," {p.vii} of Babylonia forwarded silver, furniture, and girls from Babylonia and Seleukia, "the royal city," as well as "20 elephants which the governor of Baktria (Bakhtar) had sent to the king," to meet the king "at the ford of the river." The royal body-guard was left in Babylonia "from the beginning to the end of the month." During the same year taxes were raised in Babylon and the other cities of the kingdom for the payment of "the Greek loan,"¹ and there was much sickness in the country.

The first event which marked the beginning of the new year was the return of "the governor of Babylonia and the royal body-guard, which had gone to Sapardu to meet the king the previous year, to Seleukia, the royal city, which lies upon the Tigris." On the twelfth day of the month the inhabitants of Babylon were transported to the new city of Seleukia, and the people of Babylon, Borsippa, and Cutha provided oxen, sheep, and other things, while a royal palace was built at Seleukia. Bricks were also made above and below Babylon in order to build a temple, apparently in the same city. The temple was called E-Saggil, like the ancient temple of Bel-Merodach at Babylon, which had been destroyed by the Persian kings. Mention is further made of "Lumusu the brother of King Seleucus."

All these facts are new, and are welcome additions to our knowledge of the history of Macedonian Syria. Even the date of the foundation of Seleukia
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1 Ana pi zipi sa mat Yavannu. Zipi is the Talmudic zfiph.

{p.viii}

has not hitherto been known with certainty, much less the fact that its population was brought from Babylon. It is clear that a determined effort was made by the new dynasty to destroy the memory of the ancient glory and supremacy of Babylon, and to replace it by a new capital.

Equally unknown were the details of the war which Antiochus carried on in Asia Minor. All we knew was that he was engaged in a struggle, first of all with Nikomedes of Bithynia and then with the Gauls in the early part of his reign (276, 275 BC). It was the defeat of the Gauls in Galatia in 275 BC which procured for the Syrian king the title of Soter. Nor was the position of the Sepharad of Obadiah accurately determined. Certain reasons existed for placing it in the neighbourhood of the Black Sea, but it is only now that we know it must have corresponded to the Bithynia and Galatia of the Greeks. We need, therefore, no longer hesitate about identifying it with the Persian satrapy of Sparda mentioned in the Akhaemenian inscriptions. At Behistun the name of Sparda immediately precedes that of Yauna or Ionia, and it is described as situated "by the sea," while at Naksh-i-Rustem it is enumerated between Kappadokia and Ionia. It will thus have represented central Asia Minor, more especially the district on the western bank of the Halys.

It will be remembered that in the texts relating to the last days of the Assyrian empire, which I have described and partially translated in the preface to the {p.ix} fourth volume of this Series, reference is made to the Saparda, or people of Sapardu. They seem to have united with the Medes, the Minni, and the Kimmerians in attacking the tottering power of Nineveh, which was accordingly assailed by a league of all the nations of the north. We are irresistibly reminded of the description given by Ezekiel (xxxviii., xxxix.) of the army of Gog, as well as of the northern confederacy which is called upon to punish Babylon in the fifty-first chapter of Jeremiah. Though the prophecies in question may belong to a later date than that of the fall of the Assyrian empire the political situation they presuppose is the same as that which witnessed the overthrow of Nineveh.

A discovery made this summer by Mr. Strong goes to show that the movement of the northern and eastern nations which brought about the destruction of the Assyrian power had begun while Assur-bani-pal was still on the throne. In an inscription which appears to belong to the latter part of his reign he alludes to the successes of his army against the Manda chieftain Tuktamme, whom he calls "the offspring of Tiamat." So strong an expression of which the nearest English equivalent would be "a limb of Satan" proves better than any description how formidable the predecessor of Istuvegu or Astyages must have been. It is possible that in Tuktamme we have the original of the Hellenised Teutamos, who, according to Ktesias, sent Memnon from Susa to the help of Priam of Troy.

{p.x}

Greek history, however, has not been the only gainer by the Assyriological discoveries of the present year. A discovery has been made which rivals in interest any that have ever taken place at any time in the history of Oriental archaeology. Guided by the Assyriologist the excavator has put his spade into the soil of Palestine and found the first-fruits of a Canaanitish library which existed before Moses was born.

The name of Kirjath-Sepher, or "Book-town," coupled with certain other considerations, long ago led me to believe that libraries of cuneiform tablets, similar to those of Assyria and Babylonia, were to be discovered in Palestine. The discovery of the tablets of Tel el-Amarna raised this belief almost to a certainty. Immediately after my first visit to southern Palestine in 1880 I urged the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund to excavate some of the tels which I had examined there, and which clearly contained the ruins of pre-Israelitish towns. But it was not until 1890 that the Fund was able to obtain the necessary firman, and to engage the services of Dr. Flinders Petrie in the work of exploration. Excavations were accordingly commenced at a tel or mound known as Tell el-Hesy, and during the short space of time Dr. Petrie was able to devote to the work results of wide-reaching importance were obtained. In the first place, he was able to show that Tell el-Hesy occupies the site of the Jewish fortress of Lachish, and in the second place, to found {p.xi} what may be termed the science of Palestinian chronology. With the help of the dated pottery he had discovered in Egypt he succeeded in arranging the ancient pottery of Palestine in a chronological sequence, so that we can now tell at a glance whether it belongs to the period of the Judges or of the Kings, to the pre-Israelitish period or to the age after the Exile. Furnished with this clue, Dr. Petrie pointed out that the lowermost portion of Tell el-Hesy represents the ruins of a city which was destroyed by the invading Israelites.

Here then we had found the remains of the Amorite city of Lachish, and though these remains were covered to a great height with the debris of the subsequent cities which rose one above the other upon the site, all that was needed for their systematic excavation were an excavator and the necessary funds. Mr. Bliss offered to continue Dr. Petrie's work, and after two seasons of unremitting labour his efforts have been crowned with success.

Admitting, as I did, the truth of Dr. Petrie's conclusions, I felt convinced that sooner or later we should find a collection of clay tablets inscribed with cuneiform characters similar to those which have been found at Tel el-Amarna. Clay does not perish, except by the hand of man, and the Tel el-Amarna tablets had shown that an Egyptian governor resided in the Amorite city of Lachish who wrote, and therefore must have received, cuneiform despatches on clay. His name was Zimridi or Zimrida; and among {p.xi} the Tel el-Amarna tablets now in Berlin¹ is a letter addressed by him to the Egyptian Pharaoh. The letters runs as follows:

"To the king my lord, my gods, my Sun-god, the Sun-god who is from heaven, thus (writes) Zimridi, the governor of the city of Lachish. Thy servant, the dust of thy feet, at the feet of the king my lord, the Sun-god from heaven, bows himself seven times seven. I have very diligently listened to the words of the messenger whom the king my lord has sent to me, and now I have despatched (a mission) according to his message."

In one of the letters of Ebed-tob, King of Jerusalem, which I have translated in the last volume of the Records of the Past (p. 70, lines 43, 44), allusion is made to this Zimrida. It is there said that he had been murdered by the servants of the Egyptian king.

It was while Mr. Bliss was closing his work for the season, towards the beginning of last June, that his first discoveries were made in the Amorite stratum in the mound of Lachish. Egyptian beads and scarabs were brought to light which belonged to the age of the Eighteenth Dynasty, and on one of the beads is the name and title of Queen Teie, the wife of Amenophis III and the mother of Amenophis IV, to whom the correspondence of Tel el-Amarna was addressed. At the same time there was also discovered a number of seal-cylinders, one of them
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1 Mittheilungen aus dem orientalischen Sammhtngen, Pt. iii. No. 123.

{p.xiii}

of Egyptian porcelain and manufacture, others importations from Babylonia, where they would have been made between 2000 and 1500 BC, while others again are rude imitations of Babylonian models which resemble similar rude imitations found in the prehistoric tombs of Cyprus as well as in Syria. The date of the latter has now been fixed by Mr. Bliss's discovery.

The interest, however, attaching to the beads and cylinders is far exceeded by the last discovery of the season. A clay tablet was disinterred, similar in form and size to those found at Tel el-Amarna which had been sent to Egypt from southern Palestine. As the tablet itself was claimed by the Turkish commissioner, impressions and squeezes of it only were sent to me. These, however, have enabled me to make a fairly complete copy of the text. It turns out to be one of the letters which were received at Lachish and stored up in the archive-chamber of the city about the very time that Zimrida's letter to the Pharaoh was being written. The cuneiform characters used in it have the peculiar forms to which the tablets from southern Palestine discovered at Tel el-Amarna have now accustomed us; the formulae and curious grammatical forms which it employs are the same as those of the letters from the south of Canaan, and above all, the name of the Egyptian governor of Lachish, Zimrida, is twice mentioned in it.

Nothing more extraordinary has ever happened in the annals of archaeology. The discovery had {p.xiv} hardly been made that a governor of Lachish named Zimrida wrote letters in the Babylonian language and syllabary to his suzerain the Pharaoh of Egypt when the site of Lachish was identified by Dr. Petrie, and a letter similar to those of Zimrida was found by Mr. Bliss in which the name of Zimrida twice occurs. For more than 4000 years the broken halves of a correspondence that was carried on before the days of the Exodus had thus been lying under the soil, the one half on the banks of the Nile, the other half in Canaan; and the recovery of the one from its long-continued oblivion was followed almost immediately by the recovery of the other.

Until the original text of the Lachish tablet can be examined it will be impossible to determine with certainty some of the characters on it that are either partly obliterated or else written on the edges of the tablet. Moreover, there are certain words in the text which appear for the first time, and of which, there fore, the interpretation is at present doubtful. In the following translation, therefore, which I offer of the inscription¹ there are necessarily several lacunae and notes of interrogation:
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1 The following is a transliteration of the text so far as I can make it out:

1. [a-na ami]la raba ki-be-ma 
2. a-bi D.P. Zi-im-ri-da
3. a-na sepa-ka am-ku-ut 
4. lu-u ti-i-di i-nu-ma 
5. tu-sa-tu-na D. P. Ba-du (?) 
6. u D.P. Zi-im-ri-da 
7. bu-wa-ri ali.u
8. ik-ta-bi-mi Ba-al (?) ...
9. D.P. DI-TAR-AN-IM a-na
10. [a-]bi alu Ya-ra-mi
11. [is-]ta-par-mi a-na ya-a-si
12. [ft id-]na-ni-mi
13. Ill (?) CIS KHIR u III se-du
14. ft III nam-za-ru-ta

{p.xv}

"To the officer say: I, Bal (?)..., [the son of Zimrida?] my father, prostrate myself at thy feet. Verily thou knowest that Badu (?) and Zimrida the chiefs (?) of the city have gone forth (?), and Dan-Hadad says to Zimrida my father: The city of Yarami has sent to me [and] has given me 3 (?) pieces of wood and 3 slings and 3 falchions. If I remain over the country of the king and it acts against me and there is slaughter so that I die (literally until my death), in regard to thy ... which I have .... from the enemy ..., and I have despatched Bel(?)-banila, and ... rabi-ilu-yuma[khir] has sent his brother to this country to [strengthen it?]."

The importance of this text lies rather in what it implies than in the statements it actually contains. It is clear that Mr. Bliss is at the entrance of the archive-chamber of the Amorite city of Lachish, and in a few months hence we may expect to have in our hands a Canaanitish library which existed before the Promised Land had been invaded by the tribes of Israel. Doubtless the contents of the library will consist mainly of letters and despatches, but the tablets found at Tel el-Amarna have taught us that they will also probably include mythological and
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15. sum-ma mi a-na-ku
16. uts-ba-te-na eli mati
17. sa sarri u a-na ya-a-si 
18. en-ni-ip-sa-at 
19. u a-di mi-u-ti RU-mi Edge: i. a-na mata an-ni-tam
20. su-ut mu-ul(?)-ka
21. sa u-sa-at is-tu KUR
22. ... a bu (?) u us-si-ir
23. Bilu (?)-bani-la u
24. . . ra-bi-ilu-u-ma-[khir]
25. [is-ta-] par akha-su
26 . a-na [da-na-ni-sa?]

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even historical texts. Who knows, then, what revelations may not be in store for us? We are, as it were, about to dig up the sources of Genesis, and so settle many of those burning questions which at present divide the critics of the Pentateuch into hostile camps.

It may be that we shall also find among the archives of Lachish comparative dictionaries which will throw light on the ancient language or languages of Canaan. At all events the excavations of Dr. Flinders Petrie at Tel el-Amarna last winter have not only shown that the fellahin spoke the truth when they declared that the famous tablets had been found in the ruins of a building on the eastern side of the royal palace, but they have further brought to light fragments of other tablets, among which are veritable dictionaries. In one case the dictionary is of Semitic Babylonian and Sumerian, and as the Sumerian words are written phonetically as well as ideographically it would appear that Sumerian must still have been a living tongue.¹ In another case the Babylonian words are given in explanation of words belonging to two other languages, one of which Mr. Boscawen thinks is Old Egyptian.

When the fragments discovered by Dr. Petrie are published the whole of the Tel el-Amarna collection will at last be at the disposal of scholars. Even the
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1 One of the fragments explains the Babylonian ri sapu and [di]kate, "a slaying," not only by the ideographs GAZ-GAZ, but also by the phonetically spelt ga-az-ga-az.

{p.xvii}

tablets contained in the British Museum have now been published, though the translations and explanations proposed for them by the editors leave much to be desired. In one instance the misinterpretation brings with it serious historical consequences, as it implies that Edom formed part of the Egyptian empire, whereas in reality the letter in question states explicitly that it did not. It is therefore advisable to give a correct translation of the text. The tablet is numbered 64.

"To Yankhame my lord say thus: I Mut-Hadad thy servant at the feet of my lord prostrate myself. Since Mut-Hadad has declared in thy presence that Ayab¹ has fled, and it is certified (?) that the king of Bitilim (Bethel) has fled from before the lyers-in-wait of the king his lord, let the king my lord live, let the king my lord live! If Ayab has been in this city of Bitilim for [the last] two months, I pray thee ask Ben-enima, ask ...tadu, ask Isuya. Until after the arrival of the god Merodach the city of Astarti (Ashtaroth-Karnaim) has been assisted, because all the fortresses of the foreign land are hostile, namely, the cities of Udumu (Edom), Aduri (Addar), Araru, Mestu, Magdalim (Migdol), Khinianabi (En han-nabi), Zarki-tsabtat, Khaini, (and) Ibilimma (Abel). Again, after thou hadst sent a letter to me I sent
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1 Ayab probably represents the Biblical name Job. It does not mean an "enemy" here, as the Editors of the British Museum volume imagine, since it is preceded by the determinative of individuality and is not provided with the vocalic termination of the nominative. The Beth-el mentioned is probably the famous city of that name on the borders of Benjamin and Ephraim, now Beitin.

{pxviii}

this (messenger) to him (i.e. Ayab) (to wait) until after thy arrival from thy journey, and he reached the city of Bitilim and heard the news."

It is clear from this letter that whereas "the plateau of Bashan," as it is elsewhere called, with its city of Ashtaroth (or rather Ashtoreth) Karnaim, was subject to Egypt, Edom and its fortified towns had maintained their independence.

If we turn from the western limit of Babylonian influence to the eastern frontier of Chaldea we shall find that here too there have been archaeological gains during the past year. Mr. de Morgan, whose appointment as Director of the Gizeh Museum will be gratifying to all friends of science, has succeeded in taking squeezes of the inscription of Ser-i-Pul, discovered many years ago by Sir Henry Rawlinson, as well as in discovering and copying another inscription near Sheikh-Khan, sixty-seven miles distant from the first. Ser-i-Pul is at the entrance to the Pass of Holwan, leading into the ancient kingdom of Media, and the inscription, which is in archaic Babylonian characters, is a memorial of Anu-banini, "the king of Lulubi." The monument thus fixes the position of the country of Lulubi so often referred to in the Assyrian texts.¹

In a more southerly direction Mr. Pognon, the French Consul at Baghdad, has discovered the posi-
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1 The inscription is published in the Recueil de Travaux relatifs a la Philologie et a l'Archdologie egyptiennes et assyriennes, xiv. 1, 2 (1892), pp. 100 sq.

{p.xix}

tion of another country mentioned on the cuneiform monuments. This was Asnunnak or Umlias. Mr. Pognon has found there the records of four Patesis or High-priests, who once bore rule in the country and erected various buildings, three of them being named Ibal-pel a name which reminds us of the Amraphel of Genesis Ur-Nin-gis-zida, and Qul-laqu (?).

It only remains for me to thank my contributors for the valuable help they have rendered me in the preparation of this series of the Records of the Past, and for the labour they have expended in bringing an accurate knowledge of the monuments of the ancient East within the reach of the modern reader. Two of them, alas! are no more. The last hours of Mr. Arthur Amiaud and Mr. George Bertin were spent in the work to which they had devoted their lives, and almost the last of their contributions to science were made for the Records of the Past. To Professor Maspero my obligations are great; not only has he freely placed the most matured results of his Egyptological work at my disposal, he has further assisted me by his advice and encouragement in those departments of Oriental learning in which he is without a rival.

The new story of the Creation from Sumerian Babylonia which has been discovered and translated by Mr. Pinches fitly ends the series of Assyrian texts.¹ It must form the starting-point of fresh investigations
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1 See the Muston for June 1892.

{p.xx}

into the character and origin of the Biblical narrative in the earlier chapters of Genesis, and in connection with the story of the Creation which I have translated in the first volume opens up unexpected points of view for the Biblical critic.

Before concluding, however, I have to note a misprint in the translation of another of the many fragments of antiquity the discovery of which we owe to Mr. Pinches. In the passage from the Babylonian Chronicle published in the last volume (p. 107, line 5), the name "Kadisman-Murus" should be corrected into "Kara-Murdas." The misprint is obvious, and the translator and editor can only plead as an excuse for it that "it is human to err."

A. H. SAYCE

QUEEN S COLLEGE, OXFORD,
September 1892.

EQUIVALENTS OF THE HEBREW LETTERS IN THE TRANSLITERATION
OF ASSYRIAN NAMES MENTIONED IN THESE VOLUMES

N.B. Those Assyriologists who transcribe ש by sh use s for ס. The Assyrian e represents a diphthong as well as ע.

In the Introduction and Notes W. A. I. denotes The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, in five volumes, published by the Trustees of the British Museum. Doubtful words and expressions are followed by a note of interrogation, the preceding words being put into italics where necessary. Lacunae are denoted by asterisks or by the insertion of supplied words between square brackets. Words needed to complete the sense in English, but not expressed in the original, are placed between round brackets. The names of individuals are distinguished from those of deities or localities by being printed in Roman type, the names of deities and localities being in capitals.

{p.1}

HISTORICAL INSCRIPTIONS OF RAMESES III
TRANSLATED BY PROFESSOR AUGUST EISENLOHR

THE First Series of the Records of the Past contained in vol. vi. and vol. viii. three texts of the reign of Rameses III., firstly (vol. vi. 17 ff.), the address of the god Amon Ra to the king and the names of the vanquished nations, who are fettered with cords grasped by the hand of the god and his companion, the local goddess of Thebes, taken from the 1st pylon of Medinet Habu (left side); secondly, the great Papyrus Harris, of whose 79 leaves the five last (vol. viii. p. 45 ff.) are of the highest importance for the age of Rameses III, as they teach us that his father, Seti-nekht, made an end of a state of political and religious anarchy, and that Rameses himself, after having defeated the Daanauna, the Zakaru, the Pulsata, the Shardana, and Uashash on the sea coast, subdued the tribes of the Bedouin and repulsed the Libyan populations on the west side, bringing the land to a state of tranquillity and welfare: the third article (vol. viii. p. 5 3 ff.) gave the {p.2} translation, by Mr. Le P. Renouf, of a criminal proceeding in a case of a harem conspiracy under Rameses III.

The time of this remarkable king, whose mummy was found at Der el-bahri, enclosed in the coffin of Queen Nofretari, whose sarcophagus of rose granite is at the Louvre, the broken lid at Cambridge, appeared to be fixed by the mention, in a calendar on the southern wall at Medinet Habu, of the (heliacal) rising of the star Sirius on the first day of the month Thoth, so giving as the date of the calendar the year 1318 BC. Nevertheless, if the dates of the festivals mentioned in this calendar do not belong to the common vague year, but to the holy or fixed year (so H. Brugsch and Dr. Mahler), and if we have, after Dumichen, in this calendar only the exact copy of a calendar of Rameses the Great, whose fragments are embedded in the north-eastern pylon of Medinet Habu, no conclusion can be drawn from the mention of the rising of Sirius.

If the fragmentary calendar of Elaphantine, dating the rising of Sirius on the 28th of Epiphi really belongs to Thotmes III, giving him the date of 1470 BC, the probably twelfth year of Rameses III can hardly be 1318 BC, as there are between these two monarchs a whole series of kings, several with high ciphers attached to their reigns, as Amenophis III (38 years), Rameses the Great (67 years), and after them the above mentioned long period of internal {p.3} troubles. The date of 1450 BC, offered by the Assyro-Babylonian chronology for the contemporaries and correspondents of Amenophis IV, seems just as little compatible with 1318 for Rameses III.

Though we do not deny that the description of the exploits of Rameses III on stone and papyrus is somewhat exaggerated, it is not to be doubted that in his reign Egypt was still a powerful and formidable nation. As a proof we quote the remarkable passage of the great Harris Papyrus (pl. ix. 1 ff.), where the king speaks of his building a temple in the land of Kanana, to which the nations of the Retennu came with their tributes for the gods.

As we learn from some hieratic inscriptions at Silsileh (Denkm. vi. 23), Rameses III built in the fifth year of his reign the castle and temple of Medinet Habu, dedicated it to the god Ammon, and called it by the name of the House of Millions of Years, in Am-uart ("great abode") of Thebes. The walls of this building he filled with pictures and inscriptions of his deeds. We shall give in the following pages a short description of these texts, from which we select the most important in their chronological order.

On the eastern front of the palace, beneath two gigantic representations of the king slaughtering his enemies before Harmakhis (right side) and Amon Ra (left side), we see the kneeling figures of the princes of the principal foes of Rameses III, with their arms bound behind the back; at the right side his Asiatic {p.4} enemies the Kheta, the Amaro, the Zakaru, the Shardana, the Sha[su], the Tuirsha and the Pu[lsata], all with their characteristic faces and headdresses; and at the left side, in symmetrical arrangement, the African nations; Kush, [...], the Libu, the Tursas, the Mashuash, and the Tarau.

At the inner side of the passage, on the left, the king, equipped with bow and quiver, brings to the god Amon two series of fettered prisoners, who exhibit a very strange manner of curling the hair.

Similar representations of vanquished prisoners are inside the doorway, and at the back of that building which some call a pavilion, others a palace.

Much richer in representations as in inscriptions is the temple itself, which is situated some two hundred and sixty feet behind the palace. The first pylon exhibits at both extremities two colossal pictures: on the left (Dumichen, Hist. Inschr. i. pl. xi. xii.) the god Amon Ra handling the shopesh with a ram's head, and leading six series of prisoners with their names in crenellated shields. They are preceded by the local goddess of Thebes. On the right side we see (Dum. loc. cit. xvi. xvii.; Denkmaler, iii. 210, a) similarly the god Amon Ra Harmakhis, with the head of a hawk, handling a hawk -headed shopesh and conducting nine series of fettered prisoners. These representations are accompanied by texts, of which the left one has been translated by Birch, Records of the Past, First Series, vi. pp. 19, 20. The really poetic text on the right wing is as follows: {p.5} Spoken by AMON RA HARMAKHIS: My beloved son of my body, lord of both lands, Usermara-mer-amon, lord of the sword over every country, the lands of the ANU KHENT lie down slain under thy feet. I let come to thee the chiefs of the southern countries with their tributes, their children on their backs, all fine offerings of their country. Thou givest breath (according) to thy wish unto them. Thou killest those whom thy heart desires. I turn my face to the North and I charm for thee, I present to thee the red land under thy sandals, thou crushest hundreds of thou sands to corpses, thou smitest down the HARUSHA by thy valiant sword. I let come to thee the countries which did ignore EGYPT, with their baskets, laden with gold, silver, genuine lapis lazuli, all precious stones, the selection of the divine land before thy beautiful face. I turn my face to the East and I charm for thee, I subjugate them to thee, their totality combined in thy fist. I have collected for thee all the things of PUNT, their tributes on gum of balm, precious (and) odoriferous, all woods pleasant of scent for thy face, for thy diadem, being on thy head. I turn my face to the West and I charm for thee, I destroy for thee the lands of TEHENNU, they come inclined to thee, imploring, prostrated on their feet, they shout to thee. I turn my face to the height and I charm for thee, they are hailing thee, (even) the gods of the horizon of the heaven born at the morning. Thou germinatest like [OSIRIS]; he brings justice. I turn my face to the earth and I charm for thee, I procure for thee the victory over all countries, they are rejoicing for thee, (even) the gods in the heaven; HUT giving to thee his arms on a fresh great place as seat of thy face, son of RA, Rameses-hek-An.

Nearer to the doorway on both sides of the pylon are smaller pictures, the king striking the prisoners before Ptah (on the left) and before Amon Ra. Beneath is a row of fettered prisoners, with their names on crenellated shields. Below each series is {p.6} a rather long stele, the left one dated in the twelfth year of Rameses III, and, as Dr. Lepsius discovered, an imitation of the stele of Rameses II at Abu Simbel (Denkm. iii. 194), containing a dialogue between the god Ptah and the king. The other stele belongs to the eleventh year. A good copy of both sides is to be found in Dumichen, Hist. Inschr. i. pl. vii-x, and pl. xiii-xv; the two stelae are also in De Rouge, Inscriptions, ii. pl. cxxi-cxxvi (stele of year xii), and pl. cxxxi-cxxxviii. The stele of the year xi is partly translated by Chabas, Etudes sur lantiq. historique, 2 ^bne edition, p. 237 sq. The contents of the stelae are mere phrases, except the conclusion of that of the year xi., where the defeat of the army of the Libyan chief Kapur is described, as well as the submission of himself and his son.

The back of the first southern pylon contains texts of the eleventh year of King Rameses III, treating of the submission of the Temhu and the Mashuash (a Libyan tribe). The king in his chariot is shooting at his enemies (Dum. Hist. Inschr. i. pl. 18, 19; De Rouge, Inscript. cxiv-cxvii; Banville, Alb. phot. pl. 78). Probably the long text of the northern pylon (Dum. loc. cit. pl. 20-27) records the events of the same year, together with the register of the booty obtained during it. We shall translate this text under No. III.

Between the first and the second pylon are two colonnades, the left one supported by pillars, the right one by Osiris-caryatides. On the back wall of the {p.7} latter is an illustration of the capture of the town of Amaro by the king, who is shooting from his chariot. On the left wall of the second pylon which next follows, the king leads three series of fettered prisoners before Amon Ra. From the inscriptions we infer that these are the Daanauna (the Danaans) and the Pulsata (the Philistines). The whole of the right wall of the pylon is covered with a long inscription of the eighth year, which was cleared and first published by Mr. Greene (Fouilles a Thebes, Paris, 1855), described by E. de Rouge (Athenaum français, 1855; Notice de quelques textes hieroglyph, recemment publies par Mr. Greene), afterwards published in Banville's Album photographique, pl. 76, 77, and in many other photographs, and translated by Chabas, Etudes sur l'ant. hist, 2nd ed. p. 246 sq. We shall give further on (No. II.) a revised translation of this remarkable text.

The peristyle court of the temple of Medinet Habu, which we next enter, exhibits under its colon made an illustration of two high festivals the festival of the god Khem on the northern side, and that of the god Sokar on the southern. But besides this, the south-eastern and southern walls contain representations of the wars against the Libyan tribes, especially the Libu themselves, the Mashuash, etc. These representations are well given in the great works of Champollion and Rosellini (Champ. Monuments, pl. 208 = Ros. Mon. reali, 138; Champ. 207 = 137; Champ. 205 = Ros. 136; Champ. 206 = {p.8} 135). Next to these representations is the long text of 75 lines, whose translation we give under No. I. The outward northern wall of the temple contains again illustrations of the war of the king and of a lion hunt. In his letters from Egypt and Nubia (Paris, 1833) Champollion has given an account of these representations (p. 352 ff.), which we have repeated in Baedeker's Upper Egypt, p. 183 ff. Here also the defeat of the Mashuash and the Libu is referred to, and also that of the Shardana and Zakaru, who entered the mouths of the Nile, and were annihilated by the Egyptian fleet and army. The picture of this naval combat is highly remarkable, and illustrates well the events recorded in the inscription of the year 8, 1. 24, No. II.

Also, on the western bank of the Nile, at Karnak are memorials of the combats of Rameses III. Besides the scanty remains of a small temple near the sacred lake of Muth (Z on Lepsius's map, U in that in Baedeker's Upper Egypt), where the land of Tahi is mentioned and a summing up of the spoil is given, in the first court of the great temple of Amon, at a right angle to the axis of the temple, there is a well-preserved sanctuary, which, according to an inscription, dates from the sixteenth year of the king. Here also the king is slaying his enemies, whom the god conducts in crenellated shields. These representations are given in Lepsius's Denkm. Abth. iii. 207.

{p.9}

HISTORICAL INSCRIPTION FROM THE FIFTH YEAR OF RAMESES III (HI-K'AN) IN 75 VERTICAL LINES

As we said above, the south-west wall and the adjoining part of the south-east wall of the great peristyle court at Medinet Habu contain in their upper register the representation of the festival of Ptah-Sokar-Osiris, while the lower register is filled with battle scenes and offerings of prisoners to the god Amon of Thebes. There are recorded the Temhu and the Mashuash, then the Tehennu and the Libu, whose cut hands and members are counted, by several thousands, by the scribes before the king standing in his chariot. Close to this scene follows an inscription of 75 lines, as far as the west corner; it is written retrograde, that is to say, the characters are not turned towards the beginning, but towards the end of the inscription.

The inscription has been published several times, first by Burton (Excerpta hieroglyphica, 1825-30, pl. 43-45), then by Rosellini (Monumenti reali, pl. 139-141), Dumichen (Historische Insckriften, ii. taf. xlvi.), De Rouge (Inscriptions Hieroglyphiques, ii. pi. {p.10} cxxxix-cxlvii), lastly by H. Brugsch (Thesaurus, v. p. 1197 ff.). I myself copied the inscription on my first journey to Egypt in 1869-70, which copy I revised afterwards in 1885 and 1890. According to my copies I translated the text, a part of which exists also in a fine photograph by H. Bechard. Mr. Chabas in his Etudes sur l'antiquite historique (I^ere edit. 1872, p. 231 sq.; 2^eme edit. 1873, p. 227 sq., p. 254 sq.), has given a translation of the text in the second edition only of lines 17-75. In the first edition he translated the whole text. He has also treated the different wars of Rameses III in the above-mentioned work, and in his Recherches sur la XIX. dynastie, 1873.

1. Year 5 under the Majesty HOR-RA, the valiant bull, who enlarges KEMI,¹ strong with the scymetar,² an excellent fighter, he kills the TEHENNU,³ the king of both countries .... ⁴
2. he smites the TEHENNU to tombstones on their places. The golden hawk, lord of both scymetars, making the frontier at his ease behind his foes ....
3. his fear, his terror as a shield of EGYPT. The king, the youthful lord, brilliant are his risings, like those of the moon he repeats his birthday ....
4. the son of RA, Rameses hek An,⁵ chief of battles from his rising over EGYPT. Beginning with RA, returning at her setting. Given has the divine circle the lands....
_______
1 Egypt.
2 Shopesh in Egyptian, so called from its likeness to the thigh of an ox.
3 Tehennu is a general name for the populations to the west of Egypt, comprising the Temhu, the Mashuash, and the Libu.
4 The ends of many of the lines are wanting.
5 Prince of Heliopolis.

{p.11}

5. A warrior, the lord with extended arm, a runner, lord of the symbols like the son of NUT,¹ he makes the whole earth as she has been [in the time of the gods],
6. the king Usermara-mer-amon, son of RA, Rameses hek An, chief great in love, lord of donations, his image is like RA, on the first morning, his terror [is fixed on the front]
7. of his diadem, established on the throne of RA as king of both lands, the country on the front and on the back in abundance, the nobles (like) the inferior ....
8. assembled all together in his reign, the king of Upper and Lower EGYPT, Usermara-meri-amon, son of RA, Rameses hek An, the king valorous, courageous, arranging his affairs, he beholds ...
9. his protecting fury in love is directed towards EGYPT. With extended arm and stretched feet he strikes each land, considering piously plans, stipulating laws, giving .....
10. with delight did strike his name the hearts up to the clouds, reaches his formidable magnitude the Uu and Mer,² acquired by his valour arrive at once .....
11. these, who did not know their masters, they come stooping to implore the breath of life which is in EGYPT from HOR-RA, the valiant bull of great royalty, the king of Upper and Lower EGYPT, Usermara-mer-amon, son of RA, Rameses hek An, the great wall
12. of EGYPT, protecting their limbs, his valour like MENTU stretching down the Nine Bows,³ a holy child in his origin, like HARMAKHIS he emerges, he is contemplated like TUM when he opens his mouth with
13. the breath of the enlightened in order to vivify both
_______
1 Osiris.
2 Designation of the different parts of the country.
3 The hostile nations, which are considered to have been nine in number.

{p.12}

countries by his aliments every day, the prudent son, the defender of the circle of gods, yielded are to him the obstinate countries, boiled in their blood,
14. he does not harvest, captured (are) all his men, with drawn the utensils of every kind in his country, coming in adoration
15. in order to behold the great sun of EGYPT over themselves, embellished is the disk for them. The great sun rises,
16. she shines over the earth. The light of EGYPT, which is in the heaven. Words: Raise oh RA! our land ... we are lost
17. in .... daily the clouds. Slaughtered has the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Usermara-mer-amon, son of RA, Rameses hek An, the countries of the plain and of the mountains, he has eradicated (them)
18. and brought to EGYPT as slaves presented wholly to its circle of gods. Oh satiator with food to produce abundance
19. in both countries! Numerous exultations in this country without sorrow. Established has AMON his son on his place; the whole circuit (of) the sun
20. united in his fist. The wretched SATI, the TEHENNU the robbers, who
21. ill treated the beloved land, ransacked the country in decline since the (former) kings. They outraged the gods like the people, there was none daring to
22. oppose them since they revolted. Behold there was the youth like an impetuous griffin well versed like MEHI (THOTH) in the divine words .....
23. they pass like a scheme (?) in ... all that comes forth from the mouth into [the land is effectuated]. His soldiers are urging, [they do] not [retrocede] .... they are
24. like bulls ready [to rush] against goats. His cavalry like hawks prowling (?) against the young birds,
25. ruddy like a lion full of wild fury. His officers {p.13} impetuous like the god RESHPU view ten thousands as the pupil of the eye; they were like MENTU
26. the warrior. His name terrifies the lands and the mountains. The TEMHU are coming rallied together: the LIBU, the ANTU (?), the MASHUASH caught in their country
27. the BURAPA (?), their soldiers confiding in their plans they came full in their hearts: We shall frustrate their designs in their body; we shall fill our hearts with
28. outrages. Their plans were perverted, repulsed, broken on the heart of the god. Interceding the chief for them, was impotent in the heart (?) of the god.
29. The benevolent, knowing the plan. Look! there has made him this god, the lord of the gods, for the great of EGYPT for eternity. Through his victories he made supplicate the nations, the chiefs (on their bodies),
30. the mighty king, his majesty intelligent like THOTH. Their hearts and plans were made discernible before him. His majesty took possession of the land TEMHU with their children ... (the acquisition)
31. of his double sword. They applied to the chief that they might retain their country. Such has not been heard since there are kings. Behold the heart of his majesty raging with oppression .... the valiant sword
32. attacking the hares, holding him like a keen bull, clutching with the claws, kicking with the horns, shaking the mountains by his stalk ..... the gods
33. their plans made his success. If there were who liked to transgress his frontiers, his majesty was going forth against them like a flame (which propagates) in the thick bushes ..... like birds
34. in the interior of nets, packed in bunches, made to a roast. Prostrated as knocked down to the earth, the chiefs slain, a heavy defeat,
35. not to be numbered. Look! evil is done unto them to the height of heaven, executed their males on the {p.14} spot, the killed are made in piles ... on their own
36. ground by the valour of the king, vigorous in his limbs, the only lord, powerful like MENTU, the king of Upper and Lower EGYPT, Usermara meramon, son of RA, Rameses hek An, everything he brought as spoil to EGYPT, hands,
37. members not to be counted, conducted as prisoners fettered in the prison. The chiefs of nations assembled to contemplate their disgrace. The magistrates of the order of thirty
38. following the king, their arms raised, they exult to the heaven with loving hearts. AMON-RA, the god, has fixed the victory of the prince. They are coming,
39. ambassadors of each country; their heart is distressed, taken off, it is no more in their bodies. Their faces looking on the king, as on TUM, bruised is the spine of the TEMHU to terminate. Look, his majesty made their legs
40. transgressing the frontiers of EGYPT. Their leaders are in fear made into tribes in the battles marked on the great name of his majesty. These who violated (the frontier)
41. were trembling. Unable was their mouth to recollect the shape of EGYPT. The land of TEMHU, which had come, was made to run away, the MASHUASH (were) suspended
42. in their country, eradicated their plants, not existing at once, paralysed all their limbs by terror. "Bruised are our spines, and they (are) behind us to the land of MERA.
43. Its lord has annihilated our souls for ever and eternity." Woe (?!) to them! They behold their dances like their rout. SEKHET is behind them. Terror is
44. on them. We do not find a road to march on. We step on water throughout. In their battles they do not combat with us fighting. There is drawing near

{p.15}

45. to us the flame. We wish to withdraw ourselves. The flame seizes us, there is no extinguishing for us. Their lord (is) like SET, beloved by RA. There is heard his roaring.
46. Like a griffin he is behind us murdering many (?). He is compassionate; he let us go back [out of] EGYPT for ever. Dispersed the ... We sink
47. to the death, made to a flame into which we enter, but issue not. Titi, Mashaknu, Maraiu and the chief of the AMARO
48. carried on the Mara occupied to enter EGYPT through the LIBU with the flame in the front and in the rear. There came the gods to call us to account
49. because we made encroachments on their property, in their territories. We shall praise the great valour of EGYPT saying : RA has given to it the power, the victory, there is beholden the rising like ....
50. Like RA in his shining on the pious. Let us approach him, let us glorify him, let us touch the ground before the great sword, the vigorous (?) of ....
51. the king of Upper and Lower EGYPT, Usermara-mer-amon, the son of RA, Rameses hek An, who has made the northern nations trembling in their members, the PULSATA, the ZAKKARA .....
52. eradicated their country, departed their soul consumed. They are emigrants to another country in the great ocean. These, who came .....
53. AMON-RA behind them, killing them. These who entered the actuaries like birds slipped into the net, made prisoners .....
54. their arms, their heart agitated, taken away, it is no more in their bodies. Led on, their chiefs killed, stretched down they made as bound together .....
55. saying: He is treading on the prisoner, holding him fast with his claw, the unique lord, set up over EGYPT, a true warrior, discharging without failing [his aim].
56. The extremities of the great circuit (he) made tremble {p.16} with one word. Where are we? Imploring they came stopped by the fear of him. They did not know any more their force, their limbs were paralysed.
57. The terror of his majesty (is) over them every day, he is like a ram staying on the meadow, who struggles with his horns ready to precipitate himself on what is nearing to his head, a valiant warrior [with]
58. clamour, a runner, lord of the sword, he subjugates the whole land. They come stooping to his impetuosity. A flourishing child, valiant like BAAL in (his fury)
59. a king fulfilling all plans, the designs do not fail, what he enterprises is realised at once, the king of Upper and Lower EGYPT, Usermara, son of RA, Rameses hek An. The lands have seduced us knowing ....
60. who were desirous in their hearts of the land of MERA. The lord, great of victories as king of both countries, he smites down his totality; he frightens the Nine Bows, he is like a lion who takes hold (?) of
61. the dispersed on the mountains, fearing the distance, his terror is the griffin (who) extends the feet, lord of his wings (on) the water of immensity:
62. likewise as rushes the leopard knowing his prey, seizes in (his) course, destroys with his arms the bodies of the transgressors of his frontiers, tempest beaten is the country of the Western Bow.
63. He invades with vehemence, he kills hundreds of thousands on their seats from his chariot. He beholds multitudes like locusts, he beats in turning,
64. he crushes (?) like stones. He kicks with the horns whoever comes near to his sword. His millions (and) his hundreds of thousands obey before him, his stature is like the god MENTU.
65. When he comes forth, is stooping to him every country at the recollection of him, the prince pious in designs like PTAH, possessing this country in its length with all dependencies (?),

{p.17}

66. very strong, of great valour, in lands and mountains he makes himself lord, becoming like the dweller of CHMUNU (THOTH), the king of Upper and Lower EGYPT, Usermara-mer-amon, son of RA, Rameses
hek An, the sweetheart of EGYPT, having the defence (of) the country in
67. the elevation of his spine. Without contradiction a resistant wall, the shade of the pious. They are sitting for thee according to their hearts, confiding in (thy) valour. Their
68. food (?) (protection ?) is the work (?) of his arms, saying: The divine hawk, he beats, he grasps, he makes him become warriors in his battles, carrying castles,
69. temples, towns, as a prey of his sword. There are given offerings to the gods consisting of his preciousnesses. They are at his right and at his left to overthrow the Nine Bows. His valiant arms they are
70. to reach it whole with. Has given him AMON his glorious father the countries united all together under his sandals. The king of Upper and Lower EGYPT, son of RA, Rameses hek An. Behold now the HORUS, rich in years, efflux
71. divine of RA, emanating from his limbs, splendid living effigy of the son of Isis, coming forth invested with the helm like MENTU (?) the great, a NILE, islands with their aliments for the land of MERA;
72. the pious and the widows having a good place. A king making the justice of the lord over all, affording it every day in his presence. EGYPT, the lands (are) in peace in his reign.
73. The land is like a couch/without affliction¹ of the heart, there may go the woman after her wish, may dress herself after her head, may direct her foot to the places she likes, all nations are coming bending
_______
1 Literally "change."

{p.18}

74. to the spirits of his majesty. Their tributes, their children on their backs. The southern as the northern (bend) to him in adoration. They behold him like RA on the morning. These are
75. the deliberated designs of the victorious king, charming in plans like the handsome face (PTAH), the king of Upper and Lower EGYPT, lord of both lands, lord of the sword, Usermara-mer-amon, son of RA, Rameses hek An, giving life like RA for ever.

{p.19}

THE LISTS OF THE PLACES IN NORTHERN SYRIA AND PALESTINE
CONQUERED BY RAMESES II AND RAMESES III
BY THE EDITOR

BY way of completing the geographical lists which have been published by Mr. Tomkins in the last volume of the Records of the Past (New Series, vol. v. pp. 25-53), I give here the similar lists which Rameses II of the Nineteenth Dynasty and Rameses III of the Twentieth caused to be inscribed in imitation of their predecessor of the Eighteenth. In editing the lists prepared by Mr. Tomkins I added some comparisons from the list of Rameses III published by Dumichen; since doing so I have collated Dumichen's copies with the originals, and have found that they are not in all cases correct.

The lists of Rameses II were engraved partly on the inside of the great pylon at Karnak, partly on the southern wall of that temple, to the left of the text of the treaty with the King of the Hittites. Another list of the same Pharaoh, shockingly mutilated, has been found during the recent excavations on the exterior of the western wall of the temple of {p.20} Luxor. Rameses III has also left a short list of names at Karnak, but his chief list is to be found on the eastern face of the great pylon of the temple-palace which he built at Medinet Habu to commemorate his victories.

A few of the names in the latter list were published, but incorrectly, by De Rouge. Dumichen subsequently copied all that were visible, and they appeared in his Historische Inschriften, plates vii. xii. xiii. and xvii. Excavation has now laid nearly all of them bare, and last winter I made copies of them, with the help of Mr. Wilbour. The copies of Dumichen have to be emended in several points, but they are accurate on the whole, though the new names which have to be added to them are very numerous.

The list given by Rameses II on the inner side of the pylon at Karnak has been copied by Champollion and Lepsius. That on the southern wall has been published by Brugsch Pasha (Geographische Inschriften, ii, and History of Egypt, English translation, 2nd edition, p. 67), but so inaccurately that the names in it are not to be recognised. The names, for instance, transcribed by him in his History of Egypt under the Pharaohs, Qa-sa-na-litha and Pa-rihi ought to be Q-a-n-sa-1-m-a and Q-a-r-h-u. The hieroglyphics, however, are much defaced, and owing to the heaping up of a bank of earth below them it is now easier to decipher them than was formerly the case. I have had Mr. Wilbour's assistance in making them out.

{p.21}

The Luxor list of Rameses II was copied by my self in the winter of 1890-91, and I compared my copies with the originals last winter.

According to Dr. Mahler's astronomical calculations the reign of Rameses II lasted from BC 1347 to 1281. The date of Rameses III falls about seventy years later. The principal campaign of Rameses II against Canaan seems to have taken place in his 8th year; it was then, according to the texts of the Ramesseum, that he conquered Shalam or Jerusalem, Marom or Merom, the Spring of Anamini, Beth-Anoth (Josh. xv. 59) and Qarbu[tu], "Dapur in the land of the Amorites," Ashkelon, Gaba ..., Ata ..., Qamna, Damascus, Ai, L(u)za, and Innuamu. The Karnak list of places in Palestine may, however, belong to another campaign.

The list of Luxor bears testimony to a campaign in the north in which Ramses II claims to have defeated the forces not only of Carchemish and Mitanni, but also of Assyria. The inscription which accompanies the list refers to "a city," which "the valiant power of the Pharaoh captured in the land of Satuna." Where this land was situated is unknown.

On the inner wall of the pylon at Karnak the list of countries named by the Pharaoh is prefaced by the statement that he had overthrown "the Anti of Menti " and the "Fenkhu." Who the latter were is pointed out by Brugsch Pasha in his Aegyptologie, ii. p. 466. One of the copies of the Palestine list of Thothmes III is accompanied by a text which {p.22} refers to the "unknown peoples" included in it under the general name of Fenkhu. It is therefore possible that those scholars have been right who have derived the Greek name of the Phoenicians from this old Egyptian term.

The names in the list of Rameses III which I have copied at Medinet Habu are important to the historian, partly because they show that the Egyptian king marched at least as far as Hamath, though he avoided the Phoenician cities in his passage along the sea coast; partly because they make it clear that he overran Southern Palestine. Among other towns of which he claims the capture is Hebron and its "Spring." Like Rameses II, he also claims the capture of "the district of Jerusalem." But his list contains no reference to the name either of Judah or of any other Israelitish tribe, and it would there fore appear that even as late as the reign of Rameses III the Israelites were not as yet firmly established in the future territory of Judah.

The question may be raised whether the list of Rameses III is not copied from that of Rameses II, and if so, whether the conquests claimed by him were really his own. But a comparison of the two lists will set all doubts on the question at rest. The list of Rameses III is fuller than that of his predecessor, and follows a more accurate geographical sequence. On the whole, moreover, the names are more correctly written in it than they are in the lists of Rameses II. Thus qau is written simply qa in the list {p.23} of the earlier king, while the Egyptian name of the Dead Sea, "the Lake of Rethpana," appears as "Repana." If there has been borrowing, it must have been in both cases from a common source, of which no trace exists.

The system of transliteration is that which has been adopted by Mr. Tomkins. The vowels are represented only where they occur in the hieroglyphic original, though in the case of certain characters, like the flying bird, the seated bird, and the gate, the vowel a has been added within brackets to their initial consonant ―p(a), z(a), s(a). The outstretched arm is denoted by a, the symbol for "great" by da. It must be remembered that r and l in ancient Egyptian are expressed by the same characters; in order to distinguish, however, the lion from the mouth the first is represented by l, the second by r. The determinative of "country" is denoted by the double obelus (‡), and the single upright line, which signifies "one" in the hieroglyphics, as well as the sign of the plural, is represented by a dash (―). Lost characters are denoted by brackets [ ].

{p.24}

LIST OF COUNTRIES CONQUERED BY RAMSES II
ENUMERATED ON THE INNER WALL OF THE PYLON AT KARNAK

1. ARMA‡. Identified by Mr. Tomkins with Orma, south-west of Abyssinia (Recueil de Travaux relatifs a la Philologie et a l'Archeologie egyptiennes et assyriennes, x. 1, 2). Prof. Maspero reads Ilimmi (Recueil, viii. 1, 2).
2. BR-BR-TA, followed by the ideograph "twice." Barbarta occurs in the list of southern countries conquered by Thothmes III (No. 9), and has been compared with the name of the modern Berber. This Brbrta, however, may be the North Syrian Barbartu of Rameses III (B. left, ii. 8).
3. MAU‡, with the determinative of walking. In the Medinet Habu list (No. B. right, i. 26) it follows the name of Korkha in Moab. It is doubtful whether it represents the native name of a country or is the Egyptian matt, "road."¹
4. AAR-MU‡. Aram. Probably the Aram or Syria of Damascus.
5. AAR[―]‡. The name of El precedes that of Aram at Medinet Habu. Compare the name of "the country of Aar" or "El" mentioned next to Nii and shortly after Tunip in the North Syrian list of Thothmes III, No. 134. In the stele of Panammu, king of Samalla, the kingdom of Yari is referred to more than once.²
6. KSH. The land of Cush or Ethiopia.
7. TO-RIS. "The land of the South."
_________
1 It must, of course, be distinguished from the Maua of the southern list of Thothmes III (No. 4).
2 Aar is also the name of a country in the southern list of Thothmes III (No. 179).

{p.25}

THE LIST OF PLACES IN PALESTINE CONQUERED BY RAMSES II
ENUMERATED ON THE SOUTHERN WALL OF KARNAK

FIRST LIST

1. QANS(A)-ALMA‡, Qa-n-Salem, "the district of Salem." The position of the place in the list of Rameses III shows that Salem or Jerusalem is meant. Shalam is one of the cities of Palestine captured by Rameses II, according to the texts of the Ramesseum. In the corresponding list of Ramses III qa is written qau. Brugsch, in his Dictionary, gives qai as signifying "a plateau," from qa, "to be high." In the poem of Pentaur the word is written gau(t)j with the determinatives of locality and road, and is in parallelism with matennu, "roads."
2. QAL-P(A)A[NA]. The list of Rameses III shows that we must read "the Lake of Re[th]pa[na]," the dental having been omitted by the Egyptian scribe. As the name of the lake comes in that list between Salem and the Jordan it must represent the Dead Sea. The dental should properly correspond with a Hebrew (Canaanitish) samech; in thupar "a trumpet," however, it represents a shin (Hebrew shophar), so that Rethpana may be a derivative from Resheph, the Canaanitish Sun-god, who revealed himself in flames of fire.¹ Compare Gen. xix. 24.
__________
1 The name of the god, when introduced into the Egyptian pantheon, was pronounced Reshpu. His consort seems to have been the goddess Kadesh.

{p.26}

3. AA[RD]AN[A]‡. Read Verdana, "the country of the Jordan." The name is restored from the list of Rameses III.
4. KHIR-Z‡. Khilz, probably the Babylonian khalzu, "fortress."
5. QAR-HU‡. The Korkha of the Moabite Stone. See Records of the Past, New Series, vol. ii. p. 200.
6. [UR]IU‡|. In the list of Rameses III the determinative of locality is attached to the u in both syllables to indicate its length. Perhaps the Babylonian urn, the Moabite Ar or "City" (Numb. xxi. 28), is meant.
7. ABL‡. The Abel or "meadow" of a place called Karzak in the list of Rameses III. Compare the Abel of the Palestine list of Thothmes III (No. 92).
8. QARMANA‡. Carmel of Judah. See Records of the Past, New Series, vol. v. p. 50 (No. 96).
9. QAHIR-IR-TABALA‡. "The upper district of Thabara." This must be Debir, the old name of Kirjath-sepher, since the dental is that which corresponds with the d of Megiddo and Damascus in the list of Thothmes III. See the list of Rameses III, B. right, i. 16.
10. SHMASHNA‡. Pronounce Shimshana, Shimshon, "the city of the Sun-god," called Ir-shemesh in the Old Testament (Josh. xix. 41).
11. HADAS[T]A‡, with determinative after initial ha. This name must be taken along with the next,
12. AARIZ‡, the Hebrew erez, "country," the Egyptian scribe having transposed the places of the substantive and adjective. The term means "new lands." It is the Hadashah of Josh. xv. 37. See the list of Rameses III, B. right, i. 18, 19.

SECOND LIST

1. [R]AUSHQAD[SHU‡]. Rosh-Qadesh, "the headland" of Mount Carmel. See Records of the Past, New Series, vol. v. p. 47 (No. 48).

{p.27}

2. I[N-]ZATA‡. This follows the name of Rosh-Qadesh in the list of Ramses III (B. right, ii. 12).
3. [MAG]AR‡. Called "the spring of the Magar" by Rameses III (B. right, ii. 13). It is the Magoras or river of Beyrout, which took its name from the Magharat or "Caves," past which it runs. In the Travels of a Mohar, the sky is described as being darkened there.
4. R-H(U)ZA‡, with determinative after h(u). The name is written in the same way in the list of Rameses III (B. right, ii. 8). It cannot have been far from Gaza.
5. S(A)-AAB(A)-TA‡. Written Saaba by Ramses III (B. right, ii. 9), who places it next to Gaza.
6. KAZ(A)T(O)|‡. Gaza.
7. QAS(A)-R-AA‡. Qa-Sala, aa being followed by the determinative. In the list of Rameses III (B. right, ii. 5), the name is written Qau-Salakh, an attempt being made to represent the guttural sound of the Canaanitish ghain. "The district of Sela" must be that about Petra (2 Kings xvii. 7; Isaiah xvi. 1).
8. QAUZ(A)-ASR (?)‡. The lost character is doubtful, and may be a instead of r. In the corresponding name, however, in the list of Rameses III (B. right, ii. 6), we have almost certainly r. "The district of Zasr" or "Zasl," between Sela and Jacob-el.
9. IAAQB(A)AL―. The hieroglyphs neb-k, "thy lord," have been engraved over the name, in which aa is followed by the determinative. The "Jacob-el" of the list of Thothmes III (Records of the Past, New Series, vol. v. p. 102). In the list of Rameses III (B. right, ii. 7) the name of Gaza follows after two other names.
10. P(A)T(O)NAK-RITH‡. "The country of Akrith." This must be the Ugarit of the Tel el-Amarna tablets.

{p.28}

LIST OF PLACES CONQUERED BY RAMESES II, FROM THE WEST WALL OF LUXOR

On the right hand side of the entrance to the great hall the cartouches are almost all destroyed, only the final characters remaining in each. We have:

(l)  [ ] Q(?)A‡.
(2) [ ] ZA‡.
(3) [ ] R‡.
(4) [ ] ANAUL.
(5) [ ] AA(?)‡
(6) [ ] "Lake."
(7) [ ] NTH‡.
(8) [ ] U‡.
(9) [ ] UR‡.
(10) [ ] Z(A)?‡|.
(11) [ ] "Lake."
(12) [ ] "Lake."
(13) [ ] S(?)‡.
(14) [ ] ‡.
(15) [ ] S‡.
(16) [ ] ―F‡.
(17) M(A)THNA‡. Mitanni, the Aram Naharaim of Scripture.
(18) LN-R‡. To be pronounced Lai or Lar. The 43rd name in the list of Seti I at Abydos.
(19) AR-TUG‡. The 39th name in the list of Seti I, where it follows the name of Tunip (now Tennib, north-west of Aleppo),

{p.29}

(20) ASSUR‡. Assyria. The 37th name in the list of Seti I.
(21) B(A)R-GA‡. The 42nd name in the list of Seti I, in which it is written Barq. We may compare Barga, a district of Hamath, mentioned in the Assyrian inscriptions. See Records of the Past, New Series, iv. p. 70, line 88.
(22) [ ]NTAS‡

On the left hand side of the entrance were three lines of cartouches one above the other. Of the first line there remain only―

(7) [BAL-]NU‡. No. 13 in the list of Seti I.
(8) [A]QUPTA. No. 28 in the list of Seti I, where it follows the name of Mennus.

Of the second line we have:

(l)  [ ] QU‡.
(2) [ ] U‡.
(3) [ ] ZM‡.
(4) [ ] GAL―.
(5) "The waters of [ ]ZH."
(6) KP[ ]U‡.
(7) B(A)[ ]‡.
(8) HAA‡(or HAM).
(9) LN-L(?)‡. See above, No. 18.
(10). R[ ].

Of the third line we have:

(1) M(A)THNA‡. This seems to be Mitanni.
(2) THKH[ ]‡.
(3) QAR-TH[ ]AA(?)M. This seems to contain a Semitic Kirjath.
(4) QAD[ ]U‡. Compare the Qadna of Seti I. (No. {p.30} 9), called Qadnaf by Amenophis III. (Lepsius, Denkmaler, iii. 88).
(5) QAB(A)AA‡. Probably some Gibeah. Compare the name of Gaba[ ], which precedes Ashkelon, at the Ramesseum.
(6) HERAZTUM‡. This was a country of Pun, called Shaztum in the southern list of Thothmes III. (No. 61), and Aztum in that of Rameses III. (B. right, ii. 2).
(7) STHBU‡. A country of Pun, mentioned with the preceding in the lists of Thothmes III. (No. 60) and Rameses III. (B. right, ii. i).
(8) UTU[L]TH‡. A country of Pun mentioned with the preceding by Thothmes III. (No. 59).

{p.31}

THE LISTS OF RAMESES III AT MEDINET HABU

A. I. On the left side of the first pylon¹:
a.
(1). TAS(A)-[KH]U‡. The names which accompany this show it to have been a country of Northern Syria. See below, II. south, vi. 6.
(2). AURI‡. The Aur-ma of the North Syrian list of Thothmes III. (No. 313).
(3). AN-THAK‡. The An-t[ak] of the North Syrian list of Thothmes (No. 193).

Below, facing left:
b.
(1). KAR-NA‡.
(2). AATU‡. This and the preceding name form the single compound name Atugeren in the North Syrian list of Thothmes (No. 191). Atu-geren or Atu-karna seems to mean "the goddess Athe of the horn."
(3). TR-BUS(A)‡. The Trb of the list of Thothmes (No. 190), now Tereb, south-west of Aleppo.
The final -s is the suffix of the nominative.
(4). THIR-NA‡. The Tarnu of the list of Thothmes (No. 260).

Facing right:
(1). HIR-NAM‡. The names which accompany this show that it was in Southern Palestine. We cannot,
________
1 Dumichen, Historische Inschriften, vii.

{p.32}

therefore, identify it with Harnemmata, mentioned in the Travels of a Mohar, which seems to have been near Kadesh on the Orontes.
(2). R-B(A)N-TH‡. Lebanoth.
(3). KHIBUR |. Long since identified with Hebron.
(4). AATSA-R‡.
(5). R-ZS(?)[ ]U(?)‡.
(6). IHA‡. Phonetically this name corresponds with the Hebrew Yah, the shorter form of Yahveh.

II. On the south side¹:

FIRST LINE

(1). MA[ ]‡. One letter has been lost in this name.
(2). P(?)R(?)[ ].
(3). PUTHR[A]‡. Compare the name of Pari or Pethor in the list of Thothmes (No. 280).
(4). TS(A)-TS(A)-M(A)‡.

SECOND LINE

(1). THR-SHKHA‡. Tharshkha, in Northern Syria.
(2). KHAL-B‡. Helebi, on the Euphrates, the Khalbu of Thothmes III. (No. 246).
(3). S(A)-R-MESKI‡. The name perhaps contains that of the Meshech or Moschi, the Muska of the Assyrian inscriptions.
(4). AAIM(A)R‡. Written Aimar below (fifth line, No. 4). It is the name of the Amorite, elsewhere written Aamar. Compare the Amar-seki of Thothmes III. (No. 156).

THIRD LINE

(1). S(A)-RI‡. Perhaps the Sur of Thothmes III. (No. 252). Compare the name of the river Saros.
(2). ATAL‡. Compare the Atur of Thothmes III. (No. 221).
(3). M(A)QNAS(A)‡. The Mangnasa of Thothmes III. (No. 1 86).
_______
1 Dumichen, plate xii.

{p.33}

(4). TAR-SHB(A)‡. Compare the name of Tharsh-kha above.
(5). B(A)-TS(A)-R.

FOURTH LINE

(1). AA[ ]-SI‡. The ideograph of plurality follows one lost character.
(2). AAMAN‡. Amanus, the Khamanu of the Assyrian inscriptions, a spur of which was called Amman-anu. See Records of the Past, New Series, vol. v. pp. 127 and 158.
(3). AAL-KAN‡. Compare the Alka of Thothmes III (No. 283). Also Argana, a district of Hamath, mentioned in the Assyrian inscriptions; see Records of the Past, New Series, vol. iv. p. 70, line 88.
(4). PER-KATS(A)‡. The last character is doubtful, and the first should probably be read Pi.
(5). B(?)UBAl‡.
(6). KR-NA‡. For Kama, the Atu-geren of Thothmes III, see above.

FIFTH LINE

(l). KlR-Ul‡.
(2). AABURTTH‡. The Abaltth of Thothmes III (No. 206).
(3). QUBUR‡. For this see below (B. right, ii. 17).
(4). AIM(A)R‡. The land of the Amorite, called Amurra in the cuneiform texts of Tel el-Amarna, north of Palestine. See above, 2nd line (No. 4).
(5). UL-U‡. The two vowels have the determinative of locality attached to them, showing that they have a long sound. They would thus correspond with the Assyrian uru, given in the lexical tablets as the equivalent of the Hebrew 'iru, "city." From the list which is given below it would appear that Uru was in Moab. It may therefore correspond with Ar of Moab. See the List of Ramses II at Karnak, i. 6.
(6). KUSHP(A)TU‡.
(7). K-NNU‡. Probably the Kanneh of Ezekiel xxvii. 23, called Erez Kna, "the land of Kanneh," by Thothmes III (No. 139).

{p.34}

(8). L[ ]UR-S‡. The first character is not quite certain, and the name may be the Sarrsu of Thothmes III (No. 317).
(9). AAP(A)IKHA. This must be the Anpnkha of Thothmes III (No. 318).

SIXTH LINE

(1). SHABI‡.
(2). TSAUR‡. More probably the Thnu-zaur of Thothmes III (No. 173), than his PA-ZRU or "Plain" (No. 154).
(3). KIR-SNPERN‡. The last syllable should be read pin.
(4). M(A)UR-NUS(A)‡. Mul-nus is a name similar in formation to Mul-mal or Mul-mar (below, B. left, ii. 8), or to that of the Hittite king Mul-sir.
(5). S(A)-MAI‡. Simi resembles the name of a goddess of Hierapolis (the successor of Carchemish), who is called Simi by Melito of Sardes.
(6). TAS(A)-KHA‡. A comparison of the Kappadokian local names, Das-tarkon, Das-menda, and Das-teira, indicates that Das was a Hittite deity.
(7). ZAURI‡. The Pa-zru or "Plain" of Thothmes III (No. 154).
(8). AB(A)L‡. An Abel or "meadow," of which the A(u)balina of Thothmes III (No. 151) is an Aramaic plural.
(9). M(A)THNA‡. Mitanni, or Aram-Naharaim, opposite Carchemish.
(10). KAR-KAM(A)SH‡. Carchemish, now Jerablus, a little to the north of the junction of the Sajur and the Euphrates.

On the north side of the pylon, right hand¹:

(1). PUNT‡. The districts on either side of the Babel-Mandeb.²
________
1 Dumichen, plate xiii.
2 In the account of the expedition to Pun given by Queen Hashepsu at Der el-Bahari, the country is stated to have been "on the two sides of the Great Green Water," which the Pyramid texts prove to have signified the Red Sea.

{p.35}

(2). APMU‡. A region of Pun. Called Pamu by Thothmes III, southern list (No. 47).
(3). ASP‡. Called Aspau in the southern list of Thothmes III (No. 46).
(4). ZZS(A)S‡. No. 90 in the southern list of Thothmes III.
(5). HUAT‡. No. 89 in the southern list of Thothmes III.
(6). TOSM(A)M‡. No. 94 in the southern list of Thothmes III.
(7). M(A)ARI‡.

On the north side of the pylon, facing west¹:

(1). ZUNU‡, with determinative of "foreigner."
(2). TAB(A)T‡.
(3). ANTAKA‡.
(4). ZZSS(A)‡. This name shows that we are still in the south.
(5) and (6) destroyed.
(7). [A]ZTUM‡. Called Her-aztum by Ramses II, Luxor, iii. 6.
(8). [ ]BIMU.
(9). TEPSTUM‡. No. 253 in the southern list of Thothmes III.
(10). AIMENNU‡. No. 254 in the southern list of Thothmes III.
(11). ABS(A)-FU‡. No. 255 in the southern list of Thothmes III.
(12). HUFU‡. Called Hafu by Thothmes III (No. 256).
(13). AFU‡, with determinative of "foreigner." No. 257 in the southern list of Thothmes III.
(14). TUMER(?)‡. No. 248 in the southern list of Thothmes III.
(15). SHBBT‡. No. 249 in the southern list of Thothmes III.
(16). DUAUUM‡. No. 250 in the southern list of Thothmes III.
_________
1 Dumichen, plate xvii.

{p.36}

(17). AASHAA‡. Called Aashu by Thothmes III (No. 251).
(18). ZANU‡, with the determinative of "foreigner." Probably identical with No. 1. Called Za by Thothmes III (No. 252).
(19). [ ]RT‡.
(20). [ ]NAHA‡.
(21). [ ]AQ‡.
(22). AHATHRER‡. No. 246 in the southern list of Thothmes III.
(23). HAA‡, with determinative of "foreigner."
(24), TO-SHSHT‡. No. 105 in the southern list of Thothmes III.
(25). BHSTI‡. No. 106 in the southern list of Thothmes III.
(26). B(A)[KT]‡. No. 108 in the southern list of Thothmes III.
(27). TAS(A)-TU‡. No. 109 in the southern list of Thothmes III.
(28). NHSTH‡. No. 101 in the southern list of Thothmes III.
(29). TRERNS[‡]. No. 102 in the southern list of Thothmes III.
(30). ZSN‡. No. 103 in the southern list of Thothmes III.
(31). AAA‡. Called Au by Thothmes (No. 104).¹
(32). FURI‡.
(33). TRER[ ]‡.
(34). [M].
(35). TRER[ ]A‡.
(36) destroyed.
(37). ATH[ ]A‡.
(38), (39) (40) destroyed.
(41). [ ]TU‡.
(42). [ ]KA‡².
_______
1 Most of the identifications of the names in the southern list with the names given by Thothmes III have already been made by Brugsch Pasha. The names in the southern list of Thothmes III are given in accordance with the corrections made by Professor Maspero after a fresh collation with the originals (Recueil de Travaux relatifs d la Philologie et a l'Archtologie egyptiennes et assyriennes, vii. 2, 3, 1886).
2 Dumichen's copies cease here.

{p.37}

B. South side of the pylon, facing left:

LINE I

(1). KAR-NA‡.
(2). AATU‡. For these two names see above (I. b. 1, 2). It will be noticed that where a geographical name is divided into two, the second part of it is given first.
(3). TR-BUS(A)‡. The Trb of Thothmes III. See above (I. b. 3). The Tel el-Amarna tablets have informed us that in the languages of Mitanni and Arzawa, as in that of Van, the nominative of nouns terminated in -s.
(4). THIR-NA‡. See above (I. b. 4).
(5). AN-THKA‡. See above (I. a. 3).
(6). ANTAKN‡. This is evidently another form, perhaps a plural, of the preceding. In the languages of Mitanni and Arzawa, as in that of Van, the accusative of nouns terminated in -n.
(7). TABATA‡. Compare the Abata of Thothmes III (No. 198).
(8). M(A)RM(A)UR‡. The Maurmar or Mulmal of Thothmes III (No. 272).
(9). TR-KHAIS‡. The Tarkha of Thothmes III (No. 292), with the suffix (s) of the nominative.
(10). AAMESTR-K‡. To be read Yemes-Tark, where the second part of the compound is the name of the Hittite god Tarku.
(11). A-R-KABR‡. Written Rrbur below (C. ii. 4).
(12). KAGATI‡. Written Kaqth below (C. ii. 5).
(13). TS(A)-AKNU‡. Zaknu.
(14). THR-TU‡. The t is probably a mistake for the similarly-formed character kh.
(15). MAIL‡, with the determinative of "foreigner." Read Mil or Mir.

LINE II

(1). MAIL‡. The name which follows indicates the relative situation of the country.

{p.38}

(2). SENTS(A)-ARNA‡. The Senzar of the inscription of Amen-em-heb (Records of the Past, New Series, vol. iv. p. 9), which Prof. Maspero identifies with the Thnu-zaur of the list of Thothmes III (No. 173). In the language of Mitanni the suffix (e)na denotes the plural.
(3). THSUPU‡. Compare the name of the Mitannian god Tessupas or Tessubbe, the Vannic Teisbas, who corresponded to the Assyrian Hadad-Rimmon.
(4). TA-S(A)-A‡. Perhaps to be pronounced Tusua.
(5). THURIM(A)K‡.
(6). AR-PUINl‡.
(7). AAPIZA‡.
(8). AAM(A)R-DK‡. Compare the Amar-ski of Thothmes III (No. 156).
(9). TUNA‡. Uskhitti of Tuna, which adjoined the country of the Tubal or Tibareni, paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III.
(10). NABUR‡. Or Nabul.
(11). IRP‡.
(12). KHAN A‡. The Khana-rabbat or "Khana the great" of the Assyrian inscriptions. Milid, the modern Malatiyeh, was its capital. The Tel el-Amarna tablets make it probable that at the time they were written it formed part of the kingdom of Mitanni or Aram-Naharaim.
(13). TAZUM(A)‡.
(14). THUBTI‡. Called Tubti below (D. ii. 18).
(15). KAQTH‡. Called Kagati above (i. 12).

South side of the pylon, facing right:

LINE I

(1). HIRNAM‡. See above (I. b. i).
(2). R-BAN-TH‡. Lebanoth. See above (I. b. i).
(3). B(A)IT (determinative of "house") AAAN[T]‡. The Beth-Anoth of Josh. xv. 59. See the Palestine list of Thothmes III (No. 111).

{p.39}

(4). QAR-BU[T?]U‡. The last character but one is doubtful. At the Ramesseum Qarbu[tu] is combined with Baitha-Antha or Beth-Anoth (Josh. xv. 59).
(5). KARMAIMA‡. Karmim, the plural of the Canaanite kerem, "garden," called Karman by Thothmes III (No. 96). It is the Carmel of Judah (Josh. xv. 55).
(6). SHBUDUNA‡. Called Shbtuna by Thothmes III (No. 73), now Shebtin.
(7). MASHAB-IR‡. There may be a lost character before ‡.
(8). KHIBUR‡. Hebron, as has long since been recognised.
(9). INNU, with determinative of "water." The famous Ain or "Spring" of Hebron. See Josh. xv. 19, and compare the Palestine list of Thothmes III (No. 113).
(10). TO-R-B(A)-NA‡, "the district of Libna." The Libnah of Judah (Josh. xv. 42).
(11). AAP(A)QA‡. Aphekah, near Hebron (Josh. xv. 53).
(12). AAB(A)-KHI‡.
(13). MAKTHIR (with determinative of "house")‡. A Migdol, doubtless Migdal-gad in Judah (Josh. xv. 37).
(14). QAR-TS(A)-AK‡.
(15). QARIMANA‡. The engraver has written r like l. Karmel of Judah, however, must be intended, as is shown by the Karnak list of Rameses II, i. 8.
(16). [Q]AUHER-TAB(A)LRA‡. The engraver has omitted the initial character. "The upper district of Debir." See the Karnak list of Rameses II, i. 9.
(17). SHMASHNA‡. Ir-shemesh. See the Karnak list of Rameses II, i. 10.
(18). HUDAS(A)-TH‡. The first character is followed by the determinative of abstracts. The Hadashah or "new" country of Josh. xv. 37. See the Karnak list of Rameses II, i. 11.
(19). AAR-TS(A)‡. The Canaanite erets, "land."
(20). QAUNS(A)-LM[A]‡. Qau-n-salem, "the district of Salem" or Jerusalem. In the Tel el-Amarna tablets Jerusalem is called Uru-salim, and a lexical {p.40} tablet explains urn by the Assyrian alu, "city." The name therefore signifies "the city of Salim," the god of peace. See Gen. xiv. 18.
(21). QAUL-THP(A)NA, with determinative of "lake." As the Dead Sea is the only lake in the neighbourhood of Jerusalem and the Jordan it must be denoted by the name, "the lake of the district of Rethpana." See the Karnak list of Rameses II, i. 2.
(22). AAR-DANA‡. Pronounce Verdana, the Jordan.
(23). KHIR-TS(A)‡. Probably to be read Khilz, the Assyrian Khahu, "fortress."
(24). QAR-HU (with determinative of abstracts). The Korkha of the Moabite Stone. See the Karnak list of Rameses II, i. 5.
(25). U-L-U‡. Each of the two vowels has the determinative of locality affixed. See the Karnak list of Rameses II, i. 6.
(26). MAU, with the determinative of "walking." See the first Karnak list of Rameses II, No. 3.¹

LINE II

1. AKATA‡. Perhaps Jokthe-el in Judah (Josh. xv. 38).
2. KAR-KA‡.
3. [ ]PUTH‡. Perhaps Zidiputa mentioned in Papyrus Anastasi I, the Zadpthl of the list of Shishak.
4. AAB(A)R‡. An Abel or "Meadow." Perhaps No. 99 in the Palestine list of Thothmes III.
5. QAUS(A)-RAKH‡. "The district of Sela." See the Karnak list of Rameses II, ii. 7.
6. QAUHER-TS(A)-ASR‡. The last character is doubtful. "The upper district of Zasr (?)." In the Karnak list of Rameses II (ii. 8), the term "upper" is omitted.
7. IAAB(A)-AL‡. After da is the determinative of abstracts. A comparison with the Karnak list of Rameses II (ii. 9), shows that the engraver has omitted the character q, the name being Yaqbal, or Jacob-el.
________
1 The remaining names in this line are still covered with rubbish.

{p.41}

8. R-HUZA‡. After hu is the determinative of abstracts. See the Karnak list of Rameses II, ii. 4.
9. S(A)-AAB(A)‡. Called Sabata in the Karnak list of Rameses II, ii. 5.
10. KA-TS(A)-TO‡. Gaza.
11. LSHA-QADSHU‡. Rosh-Qadesh, or Mount Carmel. See the Karnak list of Rameses II, ii. 1.
12. IN-ZATH‡.
13. AN (determinative of "eye") N'MGAR‡. "The spring of the Magoras," or River of Beyrout. See the Karnak list of Rameses II, ii. 3.
14. R-UIAAIR (determinative of "walking")‡. This would read Lui-el or Levi-el, a compound similar to Jacob-el, Joseph-el, and Jephthah-el (Josh. xix. 27). But it is strange to find the name of Levi in the neighbourhood of Beyrout.
15. BUR‡. "The cistern." The Bar or Beer ("well") of the list of Thothmes III (No. 50).
16. QAMATU‡. The engraver has written q in mistake for l in the last syllable. For Qamtu or Qamdu see the list of Thothmes III (No. 8). It is called "the city of Kumidi" in the Tel el-Amarna tablets.
17. QUBUR-AA‡. The determinative of abstracts follows da. "Qubur the great." See above (A. II. 5th line, 3).
18. IHA‡. See above (A. I. right, 6).
19. TUR‡.
20. S(A)-N-NUR‡. Shinnur. Shenir was the Amorite name of Mount Hermon (Deut. iii. 9). It is written Saniru in the Assyrian inscriptions.
21. MAN-DAR‡.
22. ZAB(A)B(A)‡.
23. AAMATA‡. Hamath. See the list of Thothmes III (No. 122).
24. ZAUIR‡. "The plain" of Aram, called Pa-Zru by Thothmes III (No. 154). Similarly in the Tel el-Amarna tablets Bashan is named Ziri-Basana, "the plateau of Bashan."
25. KR-NA‡. See above (A. I. b. i).¹
_________
1 The remaining names in the line are still covered with rubbish. Doubtless the name of Atu followed.

{p.42}

C. On the north side of the pylon, facing left:

LINE I

1. QAUTAFU(?)[ ]U‡.
2. [ ]A[ ]‡.
3. lQU[ ]U‡.
4. MAN ATA‡.
5. QA(?)NRA[ ]N.
6. DQUR‡.
7. IS(A)N-T[U]‡.
8. B(A)K[ ]. This is probably the country of Bak mentioned by Rameses II. at Karnak after Mau.

(The four next names are destroyed.)

LINE II

1. M(A)R-M(A)UR‡. See above (B. south, i. 8).
2. THR-KHIS‡. The engraver has written t by mistake for kh. See above (B. south, i. 9).
3. AAMESTR-K‡. See above (B. south, i. 10).
4. R-R-BUR‡. To be corrected into Arkabr as above (B. south, i. 11 ).
5. KAQTH‡. Written Kagati above (B. south, i. 12). The variations show that the names have been copied from different originals.
6. TS(A)-KNA‡. Written Tsaknu above (B. south, i. 13).
7. P(A)R-BU‡.
8. B(A)R-B(A)[R]TU‡. Apparently the Brbrta of Rameses II. at Karnak (No. 2).
9. destroyed.
10. ATOKA‡. Compare Anth(a)ka above (B. south, i. 5), written Atak[a] by Thothmes III. (No. 297).
11. destroyed.
12. [ ]AQANT[A]‡.

Facing right:

LINE I

1. IUA‡. The iua of the southern list of Thothmes III at Karnak (No. 43).

{p.43}

2. ZA[TH]A‡. The Zath of the southern list of Thothmes (No. 44).
3. M(A)NZU‡. Azemet in the list of Thothmes (No. 45).
4. ASPA‡. No. 46 in the list of Thothmes.
5. APMU‡. Called Pa-mu in the southern list of Thothmes (No. 47).
6. PUNT‡. No. 48 in the list of Thothmes.
7. AHFU‡. No. 49 in the list of Thothmes.
8. AMMESS‡. No. 50 in the list of Thothmes.
9. MENSHAU‡. No. 5 1 in the list of Thothmes.
10. AFUNH‡. No. 52 in the list of Thothmes.
11. NURAHU‡. No. 53 in the list of Thothmes.
12. MZ[MENN]|. No. 54 in the list of Thothmes.
13. AH[UL]‡. No. 55 in the list of Thothmes. Identified by Mariette with the Greek Aualitis.
14. AAAZM[‡], No. 56 in the list of Thothmes.
15. MAM[THU‡]. No. 5 7 in the list of Thothmes.
16. MBUTU‡. No. 58 in the list of Thothmes.
17. KRKUA‡.

LINE II

1. STHBU‡. No. 60 in the list of Thothmes.
2. AZTUM‡. No. 61 in the list of Thothmes. See above (A. north-west, 7).
3. NUHTUM‡. No. 62 in the list of Thothmes.
4. HKHA‡. Called Hkfuh (i.e. Hkauh) by Thothmes (No. 63).
5. TUNT‡. No. 64 in the list of Thothmes.
6. B(A)AA‡. No. 65 in the list of Thothmes.
7. A(?)MST‡. No. 66 in the list of Thothmes.
8. TO-TOUN‡. To is repeated four times. The corresponding name in the list of Thothmes (No. 87) reads To-to-to-sa.
9. TENNU‡. Ten is followed by the ideograph of a bird resting against a stake. The reading shows what must be the pronunciation of the corresponding name in the list of Thothmes (No. 88), which has been read Thehennu by Dr. Brugsch.
10. HUAT‡. No. 89 in the list of Thothmes.

{p.44}

11. ZZSS(A)|‡. No. 90 in the list of Thothmes.
12. TEP-NUKHEB‡. "The end (of the road from) Nekheb," the modern El-Qab. The place must therefore have been situated on the coast of the Red Sea.
13. B(A)KM(A)‡. Compare No. 92 in the list of Thothmes.
14. MASI‡. No. 93 in the list of Thothmes.
15. TO-SM(A)‡. No. 94 in the list of Thothmes.
16. KHSKHT‡. No. 95 in the list of Thothmes.
17. KABI‡.

D. East side of the pylon, right side. The names in the first line are all destroyed. Facing left:

LINE II

1. B(A)RB(A)R SEP‡. That is, Barbar ("bar repeated").
2. AAZUNA‡.
3. ARTOKNA‡. The Aartug (No. 39) of the list of Seti I, which follows the name of Tunip. For the suffix -na see above (B. ii. 2).
4. A(?)TS(A)-KHAZU‡.
5. SHAQAN‡. With the determinative of "foreigner."
6. 7, and 8 are destroyed.
9. TA-S(A)-NA‡. Compare B. ii. 4.
10 and 11 are destroyed.
12. [ ]AK‡.
13. [ ]NA‡
14. A]BIR[ ]NA‡. An Abel or "Meadow."
15 destroyed.
16. NUI[ ]M(?)[ ]NA‡. With the determinative of "foreigner."
17. KHAZM(A)N‡. With the determinative of "foreigner."
18. TUBTI‡. Written Thubti above (B. ii. 14).

I add here the fragment of a list of places in Northern Syria conquered by Thothmes III, engraved on the eastern wall of the second pylon at {p.45} Karnak, and published by M. Bouriant in the Recueil de Travaux relatifs a la Philologie et a l'Archeologie egyptiennes et assyriennes, xi. 3, 4, p. 156.

LINE I

1. GAT.
2. M(A)THN‡. Mitanni.
3. KHASAT.

Facing right:

LINE II

1. M(A)THN[‡].
2. LN-[R‡]. Lai. No. 18 in the list of Rameses II at Luxor.

Facing left:

1. SENSEN[‡].
2. PEHTMENNU‡.
3. RRBI.

{p.46}

LETTERS FROM PHOENICIA TO THE KING OF EGYPT IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY BC
TRANSLATED BY THE EDITOR

THE age and character of the cuneiform tablets found at Tel el-Amarna in Upper Egypt have been fully described in former volumes of this series of the Records of the Past, as well as the principal results derived from their discovery. During the past winter all doubts as to the exact spot in which they were found have been removed by Dr. Flinders Petrie s excavations. These have shown that the cuneiform correspondence of the Pharaohs Amenophis III. and Amenophis IV was stored, not in the royal palace itself, but in a building which adjoined it, and in which probably the scribe lived who was versed in the language and syllabary of Babylonia. Among the objects disinterred by Dr. Petrie is a clay cylinder, round which runs the inscription eleven times repeated, "The seal of Tetunu, the servant of Samas-akh-iddin." Dr. Petrie's discoveries show that the fellahin led me to the right place when, a year {p.47} after the tablets had been found, they took me to a ruined building within the precincts of the palace, the bricks of which were stamped with the name and titles of Amenophis IV Khu-n-Aten.

The letters of which I here give translations for the first time have been published in the second part of the Mittheilungen aus den orientalischen Sammlungen (Berlin, 1890) by Drs. Winckler and Abel, and consist of the correspondence sent to Khu-n-Aten from Phoenicia. The letters are peculiarly difficult to decipher on account of the non-Assyrian forms and idioms which they contain, and which are probably of Canaanitish origin. As Dr. Zimmern has pointed out, we find, for instance, the first person singular of the perfect tense formed by the suffix -ti as in Hebrew, instead of by the suffix -ku as in the corresponding person of the Assyrian permansive. Here and there, moreover, a Canaanitish word is given by the side of its Assyrian equivalent. These words afford a fresh proof that Hebrew was originally "the language of Canaan."

Though the Phoenician letters have not the same Biblical interest as the letters from Southern Palestine of which I have given translations in the last volume of the Records, we may nevertheless gather from them several historical facts. They show that at the time when the correspondence came to an end, the Egyptian empire in Asia was breaking up. The enemies of "the heretic king" {p.48} were beginning to threaten him in Egypt, and he was unable to reply to the pressing requests of his Syrian governors by sending to them the troops for which they asked. The province they administered was surrounded on all sides by its foes. Ebed-Asherah, who seems to have been a Beduin chief, together with his sons, had allied himself to the Hittites, the Babylonians, and the people of Aram-Naharaim, was overrunning the land of the Amorites, and was capturing the Phoenician cities which lay to the west of it. Many of the kings who had been allowed, as at Sidon, Arka, and Hazor, to exercise their royal functions by the side of the Egyptian governors, revolted from Egypt, and Arvad sent its ships to join the enemy. Rib-Addu, the Egyptian governor of Gebal, was already old, and one of his letters seems to show that he was preparing to evacuate Zemar, the centre of the Egyptian government in the inland part of Phoenicia, and retire from the northern portion of the province. It was probably not long before the rule of Egypt ceased to be obeyed, not only in the mountainous interior, but also in the cities of the coast.

Among other interesting facts contained in the letters is the mention of a Yivana or "Ionian," who was in the country of Tyre, apparently employed in the service of the Egyptian king. The name was, therefore, already known in the fifteenth century before our era, and justifies the belief of the Egypto- {p.49} legists that in Huinivu, or Uinin as it is written in Demotic, which represents the name of the Greeks in the bilingual inscription of the Rosetta Stone, we must recognise the Egyptian form of the word "Ionian." The name of Huinivu goes back to early times, since in one of the pyramid texts of the Sixth Dynasty, the Mediterranean is called "the circle which surrounds the Huinivu."¹

The name of Rib-Addi, or Rib-Addu, is not very easy to explain. The second element in it is the name of the god Hadad, but it is not clear to what root the first part of the compound should be assigned. Probably, however, the root is rib, "to contend," so that the name of the Phoenician governor is precisely parallel to those of Jerub-baal and Merib-Baal (1 Chron. viii. 34), the signification of the compound being "Hadad has pleaded."
______
1 Erman in the Zeitschrift fur egyptische Sprache, xxix. i. p. 39.

{p.49}

LETTERS FROM PHOENICIA TO THE KING OF EGYPT IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY BC

42.¹ OBVERSE

1. Rib-Addu sends
2. to his lord, the king of the world,
3. the great king, the king of the universe (?),
4. (whom) the divine lady of GEBAL² has known
5. alone; to the king my lord,
6. at the feet of my lord, my Sun-god
7. seven times seven I prostrate myself.
8. This year (certain) men into the presence
9. of the king, who (is) like the god ASSUR³
10. and the Sun-god in heaven, have come;⁴
11. they have reported to him: "The sons
12. of Ebed-Asherah⁵ according to
13. their desires have taken⁶ 2 horses
14. of the king and chariots, and
15. the men whom he sent have given (them);
16. and the IONIAN⁷
________
1 The numbers are those of the Mittheilungen aus den orientalischen Sammlungen, pt. 2.
2 Gebal, the Byblos of the Greeks, now Jebeil, twenty miles north of Beyrut. The people of Gebal are mentioned in 1 Kings v. 18 (A. V. "stone-squarers") and Ezek. xxvii. 9. According to Philo Byblius, the "Divine Lady," or goddess of Gebal, was Baaltis.
3 Expressed in ideographs, denoting "the god of hosts."
4 Literally are.
5 Abdu-Asirta. In some instances the determinative of divinity is prefixed to the name of the goddess Asherah.
6 Read la-[ku].
7 Yivdna. The word corresponds exactly to the Hebrew Yavan, since a Hebrew yav would become ytv in Assyrian, and is the earliest notice we have of Ionian Greeks. The Ionian in question probably came from Cyprus.

{p.51}

17. is on a mission¹ to the country of TYRE,²
18. for eight days
19. doing this deed
20. in it." They speak words
21. of accusation before the king,
22. the Sun-god. I am thy faithful servant,
23. and the news which (the king) knows
24. and hears have I sent
25. to the king my lord. But (?)
26. they (are) dogs,³ and they have [gone]
27. into the presence of the household troops
28. of the king, the Sun-god. I sent [messages]
29. to thy father, and he [listened]