RESEARCHES
INTO THE
EARLY HISTORY OF MANKIND
AND THE
DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION.
NOTES
1 Grey,'Journals; London, 1841, vol. ii. p. 339.
2 Backhouse, Visit to the Australian Colonies; London, 1843, p. 555.
3 Mariner, Tonga Islands; 2nd ed., London, 1818, vol. ii. p. 112.
4 St. John, Forests of the Far East; London, 1862, vol. i. p. 189.
5 Bastian, Der Mensch in der Geschichte; Leipzig, I860, vol. ii. p. 318, etc.
6 Charlevoir, Hist. et Descr. Gen. de la Nouvelle-France; Paris, 1744, vol. vi. p. 78.
7 Castren, Vorlesungen uber die Finnische Mythologie; (Tr. and Ed. Schiefner;) St. Petersburgh, 1853, p. 120.
8 Herod, iv. 172. See Mela, l. 8.
9 Casalis, The Basutos; London, 1861, p. 245.
10 Lucret. De Rerum Natura, iv. 29-39:
"Nunc agere incipiam tibi, quod vementer ad has rea
Attinet, esse ea quas rerum simulacra vocamus;
Quae, quasi membranze summo de corpore rerum
Dereptse, volitant ultroque citroque per auras,
Atque eadem nobis vigilantibus obvia mentes
Terrificant atque in somnis, cum ssepe figuras
Contuimur miras simulacraque luce carentum,
Quae nos horrifice langnentis ssepe sopore
Excierunt ; ne forte animas Acherunte reamur
Effugere aut umbras inter vivos volitare,
Neve aliquid nostri post mortem posse relinque."
11 Dasent, Popular Tales from the Norse; 2nd ed., Edinburgh, 1859, p. 1.
12 Bleek, Reynard the Fox in South Africa; London, 1864, pp. 11-13, 16, 19, 23.
13 Lane, The Thousand and One Nights, new edit, London, 1559, vol. i. pp. 84, 114.
14 Jacob Grimm, Reinhart Fuchs; Berlin, 1834, pp. cxxii. 1. 30, cclxxii.
15 Steinthal, Ceber die Sprache der Taubstummeri (in Frutz's Deutscbes Museum. Jan. to June, 1851, p. 904, etc.).
16 Bonet, Reduction de las Letras, y Arte para ensenar a ablar Jos Mudos; Madrid, 1620; pp. 128, etc. Schmalz, Ueber die Taubstummen; Dresden and Leipzig, 1848; pp. 214, 352.
17 Heinicke, Beobachtungen iiber Stumme, etc.; Hamburg, 1778, p. 56.
18 Schmalz, p. 267.
19 Scott, The Deaf and Dumb; London, 1844, p. 84.
20 Sicard. Cours d'Instruction d'un Sourd-muet; Paris, 1803, pp. xlv. 18.
21 Kruse, Ueber Tanbstrumen, etc.; Schleswig, 1853, p. 51.
22 Whether the "dialects" of the different deaf-and-dumb institutions have received any considerable proportion of natural signs from one another, as, for instance, by the spreading of the system of teaching from Paris, I am unable to say; but there is so much in each that differs from the others in detail, though not in principle, that they may, I think, be held as practically independent, except as regards grammatical sign.
23 Lucretius, v. 1029.
24 Sicard, Theorie des Signes pour l'Instruction des Sourds-muets; Paris, 1808, vol. ii. p. 562, etc. A really possible distinction appears in "lip,'' "red," ante, p. 16.
25 Schmalz, p. 274.
26 Scott, The Deaf and Dumb, p. 53.
27 Sicard, Theorie, p. xxviii.
28 Account of Laura Bridgman; London, 1845, p. 26. A similar instance, p. 157, "Jacket Oliver give mother."
29 Schmalz, pp. 274, 58.
30 Heinicke, p. 56.
31 Kruse, p. 57. On consulting Mr. E. H. Hebden of Scarborough, a highly-educated deaf-and-dumb gentleman, I find him to disagree with Sicard and Schmalz to the natural order of actor and action. Mr. Hebden's order is, 1, object; 2, object; 3, action, illustrating it by the gestures "door key open" to express "the key opens the door," and "mouse cat kill," to express "cats kill mice." This in no way contradicts Dr. Scott's rules. In these questions as to order of signs, it must always be borne in mind that the intelligibility of a gesture-sentence (so to speak) depends on the whole forming a dramatic picture, while this dramatic effect is very imperfectly represented by translating signs into words and placing these one after another. Thus when Mr. Hebden expressed in gestures, "I found a pipe on the road," the order of the signs was written down as "road pipe I-find," which does not seem a clear construction, but what the gestures actually expressed went far beyond this, for he made the spectator realize him as walking along the road and suddenly catching sight of a pipe lying on the ground. [Note to 3rd Edition.]
32 Kruse, p. 56, etc. Steinthal, Spr. der T., p. 923.
33 Steintlial, Spr. der T., p. 923.
34 Humboldt and Bonpland, Voyage; Paris, 1814, etc. vol. ii. p. 278.
35 Edwin James, Major Stephen H. Long's Exped. Rocky Moun.; Philadelphia, 1823, i. p. 378, etc. Capt. R. F. Burton, The City of the Saints, London, 1861, p. 150, etc. See also Prinz Maximilian von Wied-Neuwied, Voyage dans l'Interieur de 1'Amerique du Nord; Paris, 1840-3, vol. iii. p. 389. Buschmann, Spuren der Azt. Spr., etc.; (Abh. der K. Akad. der Wisseusch. 1854) Berlin. 1859, p. 641.
36 Marsh, Lectures on the English Language; London, 1862, p. 486.
37 J. R. Bartlett, Dictionary of Americanisms, 2nd edit., Boston, 1859, s. v. "Drink."
38 Schmalz, pp. 267-277. See Wedgwood, p. 91.
39 Leibnitz, Opera Omnia, ed. Dutens; Geneva, 1768, vol. vi, part ii. p. 207, etc.
40 Coptic khroti (ni) = filii, liberi, hroti = cognatus, filius. Old Eg. in Rosetta Ins. Compare S. Sharpe, Hist. of Egypt, 4th ed. vol. ii. p. 148. Wilkinson, Popular Account of the Ancient Egyptians; London, 1854 vol. ii, p. 182.
41 Mahrchensamnjlung des Somadeva Bhatta (trans, by Dr. H. Brockhaus); Leipzig, 1843, ii. p. 96.
42 Macrob. Saturn, lib. ii. c. x.
43 Lucian. De Saltatione, 64.
44 Aug. Doct. Chr. ii. 25.
45 Grysar, in Ersch and Gruber, art. "Pantomimische Kunst der Alien."
46 Cook. First Voyage, in Hawkesworth's Voyages ; London, 1773, vol. ii. p. 228.
47 Charlevoix, vol. i p. 413.
48 Wiseman, Essays; London, 1853, vol. iii. p. 531.
49 Strabo, xiv. 5, 9.
50 Rev. Thos. Williams, Fiji and the Fijians, 2nd ed.; London, 1860, vol. i. p. 153.
51 Krapf, Travels, etc., in East Africa; London, 1860, p. 138.
52 H. R. Schoolcraft, Historical and Statistical Information respecting the History, etc., of the Indian Tribes of the U. S.; Philadelphia, 1851, etc., part iii. pp. 212, 241. Burton, City of the Saints, p. 144. But see also Schoolcraft, part iii. p. 263.
53 Charlevoix, vol. v. p. 440.
54 Schoolcraft, part i., pp. 403, 418.
55 E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians; London, 1837, vol. i. p. 219.
56 Rev. W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches; London, 1830, vol. ii. p. 569.
57 Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europeenes; Paris, 1859-63, part ii. p. 336.
58 A. v. Humboldt, Vues des Cordilleres; Paris, 1810, p. 83.
59 Cook. Third Voyage, 2nd ed.; London, 1785, vol. i. pp. 267, 409.
60 Cook, Third Voyage, vol. i. p. 265.
61 Sir J. Bowring, Siam; London, 1857, vol. i. p. 125.
62 Cook, ib. p. 409.
63 Wedgwood, Origin of Language; London, 1866, p. 146. Grimm, D. M. p. 1200. Meiners, Allg. Geseh. der Keligionen; Hanover, 1806-7, vol. ii. p. 280.
64 Wright, History of Domestic Manners, etc.; London, vol. 2, p. 141.
65 1 Sam. xix. 24.
66 Tert., De Oratione, xii.
67 Cook, First Voy. H., vol. ii. pp. 125, 153. Ellis, Polyn. Res., vol. ii. pp. 171, 352-3.
68 Mariner, Tonga Islands; vol. L p. 158.
69 Rv. W. Ellis, Hist. of Madagascar; London, 1838, vol. i. p. 44.
70 Ibn Batuta in Journal Asiatique, 4me Serie, vol. i. p. 221. Waitz, Introd. to Anthropology, E. Tr. ed. by J. F. Collingwood; part i., London, 1863, p. 301.
71 C. J. Andersson, Lake Ngami, etc., 2nd ed.; London, 1856, p. 231.
72 Prescott, History of the Conquest of Peru, 2nd ed.; London, 1847, vol. i. pp. 97, 78.
73 Micah i. 8. Ezekiel xxiv. 17. Herod, ii. 85. Rev. J. Roberts, Oriental Illustrations of the Sacred Scriptures, 2nd ed. London, 1844, p. 492, etc.
74 Charlevoix, vol. iii. p. 16 ; vol. vi. p. 189, etc.
75 Burton, Lake Regions of Central Africa; London, 1860, vol. ii. p. 69.
76 Cook, Third Voy., vol. i. p. 179.
77 Darwin, Journal of Res., etc.; London, 1860, pp. 205, 423. See A .v. Humboldt, Kawi-Spr., vol. i. p. 77.
78 Linnaeus, Tour in Lapland; London, 1811, vol. i, p. 315. See Kotzebue, Voyage, vol. i. p. 192 (Esquimaux).
79 Mouat, Andaman Islanders; London, 1863, pp. 279-80.
80 Charlevoix, vol. iii. p. 16.
81 Du Chaillu, Equatorial Africa; London, 1861, pp. 393, 430.
82 Baker, Albert N'yanza; London, 1866, vol. i. p. 72.
83 Burton, Central Africa, vol. ii. p. 69.
84 Wilkes, U. 8. Exploring Exp.; London, 1845, vol. i. p. 127.
85 Plin. xi. 103. Roberts, Oriental Illustr., pp. 87, 90, 285, 293, 461, 475, 491.
86 Oriental Illustr., p. 396.
87 A. S. Thomson, The Story of New Zealand; London, 1859, vol. i. p. 209. See Cook, First Voy. H., vol. ii. p. 311.
88 Liddell and Scott; Liebrecht in Heidelb. Jahrb., 1868, p. 325.
89 Bastian, vol. i. p. 395.
90 Low in Journ. Ind. Archip., vol. i. p. 356.
91 Dr. Orpen, The Contrast, p. 177.
92 Jacob Grimm, Geschichte der Deutschen Sprache; Leipzig, 1848, p. 664.
93 See J. and W. Grimm, Deutsches Worterbuch, s. vv. black, blaken, blick, etc. Diez, Worterb., s. v. bianco.
94 Goguet, De l'Origine des Loix, etc.; Paris, 1758, vol. iii. p. 322.
95 Quint., Inst. Orat., lib. xi. 3, 85, seqq. "Luther fiihrt an das ist mein leib und bemerkt label folgendes, 'das ist ein pronomen und lautet der buchstab a drinnen stark und lang, als ware es geschriebeu also, dahas, wie ein schwabisch oder algauwisch daas lautet, und wer es horet, dem ist als stehe ein finger dabei der darauf wige.'" (Grimm, D. M., s. v. "der").
96 Pott, Etymologische Forschlungen, new ed.; Lemgo and Detmold, 1859, etc., vol. i.
97 Muller, Lectures, 3rd ed.; London, 1862, p. 272.
98 Endlicher, Chin. Gramm.; Vienna, 1845, p. 168.
99 Kruse, p. 53.
100 Steinthal, Charakteristik der hanptsachlichsten Typen des Sprachbaues; Berlin, 1860, p. 114, etc.
101 Nibel. Nat., 37.
102 Kant, Anthropologie; Konigsberg, 1797, p. 49. Schmalz, p. 46.
103 Sicard, Theorie, vol. ii. p. 632, etc.
104 Kruse, p. 54.
105 Lieber, On the Vocal Sounds of Laura Bridgman, in Smithsonian Contrib., vol. ii.; Washington, 1851.
106 Heyse, System der Sprachwissenschaft; Berlin, 1856, p. 39.
107 Steinthal, Spr. der T. pp. 907, 909.
108 Heinicke, p. 103. etc.
109 Schmalz, pp. 2, 32.
110 Steinthal, Spr. der T., p. 917.
111 Heinicke, p. 137, etc.
112 Schmalz, p. 216.
113 Eschwege, Brasilien; Brunswick, 1830, part i. p. 59.
114 Mela, iii. 9.
115 Plin. vi. 35.
116 Lord Monboddo, Origin and Progress of Language; 2nd. ed.; Edinburgh, 1774, vol. i. p. 253.
117 Spix and Martius, Reise in Brasilien; Munich, 1823, etc., vol. i. p. 385, etc.
118 Ida Pfeiffer, Eine Frauenfahrt urn die Erde; Vienna, 1850, p. 102.
119 Sir J. Emerson Tennent, Ceylon, 3rd ed.; London, 1859, vol. ii. p. 441.
120 Milligan, in Papers and Proc. of Roy. Soc. of Tasmania, 1859; vol. iii. part ii.
121 Burton, City of the Saints, p. 151. See Schoolcraft, part i. p. 564.
122 J. G. Wood, Nat. Hist. of Man; vol. i. p. 266.
123 J. Bailey, in Tr. Eth. Soc.; London, 1863, p. 300.
124 The objection to trusting native information as to grammatical structure, may be seen in the difficulty, so constantly met with in investigating the languages of rude tribes, of getting a substantive from a native without a personal pronoun tacked to it. Thus in Dr. Milligan's vocabulary, the expressions puygan neena, noanalmeena, ghen for "husband" and "father," seem really to mean "your husband," "my father," or something of the kind.
125 For further remarks on such mixed expression by gesture and word, as bearing on development of language, see the author's Primitive Culture, chap. v. and vii.
126 See W. R. Scott, Remarks on the Education of Idiots; London, 1847.
127 Herod, ii. c. 2. Lindsay of Pitscottic, Chronicles of Scotland, vol. i. p. 249. For other European legends, see De Brosses, Traite des Langues, vol. ii. p. 7; Farrar, Chapters on Language, p. 13.
128 Purchas, His Pilgrimes; London, 1625-6, vol. v. (1626) p. 516. Catrou, Hist. Gen. de 1'Empire du Mogol; Paris, 1705, p. 259, etc. A Singhalese legend in Hardy, Eastern Monarchism, p. 192.
129 Figs. 2 to 7, and their interpretations, are from Schoolcraft Indian Tribes, part 1. See also the Narrative of the Captivity and Adventures of John Tanner, edited by Edwin James, 1830, from which many of Schoolcraft's pictures and interpretations seem taken.
130 Catlin, North American Indians, 7th ed.; London, 1848, vol. ii. p. 98.
131 Catlin, vol. ii. p. 170.
132 Lord Kingsborough, Antiquities of Mexico; London, 1830, etc., vol., iv. part i., no. 31, and vol. v. Expl.
133 Humboldt and Bonipland, vol. ii. p. 239.
134 Gustav Klemm, Allgemeine Cultur-Geschichte der Menschheit; Leipzig, 1843-5-2, vol. iv. p. 396.
135 Rivero and v. Tschucli, Antiguedades Peruanas; Vienna, 1851, p. 124. Prescott, Peru; vol. i. p. 116.
136 Schoolcraft, part i. pp. 334, 353; part iii. pp. 256, 485. Harmon, Journal; Andover, 1820, p. 371. Klemm, C. G., vol. ii. pp. 189, 280.
137 Birch, in Archaeologia, vol. xxxiv. p. 382.
138 Herod, v. 49.
139 Harmon, p. 371.
140 Journal des Scavans, 1681, p. 46. Sir W. Talbot, The Discoveries of John Lederer; London, 1672, p. 4. Humboldt, Vues des Cordilleres; Paris, 1810-12, pi. xiii.
141 Tylor, Mexico and the Mexicans; London, vol., i, p. 239.
142 Clavigero, Storia Antica del Messico; Cesena, 1780-1, vol. ii. pp. 191, etc., 248, etc. Humboldt, Vues des Cord., pl. xiii.
143 Aubin, in Revue Orientale et .Americaine, vols., iii.-v. Brasseur, Hist, des Nat. Civ. du Mexique et de 1'Ameriqne Centrale; Paris, 1857-9, vol. i. An attempt to prove the existence of something more nearly approaching alphabetic signs (Rev., vol. iv. p. 276-7; Brasseur, p. Ixviii.) requires much clearer evidence.
144 Kingsborough, vol. i., and Ex.1. in vol. vi.
145 Brasseur, vol. i. p. xli.
146 Aubin, Rev. 0. and A., vol. iii. p. 255.
147 Renouf, Elementary Grammar of the Ancient Egyptian Language, London, 1875.
148 Brasseur, Relation des Choses de Yucatan de Diego de Landa, etc.; Paris and London, 1864.
149 J. M. Gallery, Systema Phonetician Scripturas Sinicae, part i.; Macao, 1841, p. 29. Endlicher, Chin. Gramm., p. 3, etc.
150 Sharpe, Egyptian Hieroglyphics; London, 1861, p. 17. "Vte. Em. de Rouge", Memoire sur I'Origine Egyptienne de 1'Alphabet Phoenicien, Paris, 1874. In former editions of the present work, the Egyptian origin of the alphabet was only treated as a likely supposition. In consequence of the appearance of M. de Rouge's argument since, the text has been altered to embody the now more advanced position of the subject. [Note to 3rd Edition.]
151 Schoolcraft, part ii. p. 228. Bastian, vol. i. p. 423.
152 Koelle, Grammar of the Vei Language; London, 1854, p. 229, etc. J. L. Wilson, Western Africa; London, vol. i., p. 95.
153 Loskiel, Gesch. der Mission der evangelischen Bruder; Barby, 1789, p. 39.
154 Schoolcraft, part i. p. 273.
155 Davis, The Chinese; Loudon, 1851, vol. ii. p. 176.
156 A dactylic origin of V, as being a rude figure of the open hand, with thumb stretched out, and fingers close together, succeeding the | || |||, made with the upright fingers, has been propounded by Grotefend, and has occurred to others. It is plausible, but wants actual evidence.
157 Backhouse, Narrative of a Visit to the Australian Colonies; London, 1843, p. 104.
158 Catlin, vol. ii. p. 133.
159 Burton, Central Africa, vol. ii. p. 23.
160 Bastian, vol. ii. p. 376.
161 Casalis, p. 251.
162 A shaman is a native sorcerer or medicine-man. His name is corrupted from Sanskrit gramana, a Buddhist ascetic, a term which is one of the many relics of Buddhism in Northern Asia, having been naturalized into the grovelling fetish-worship of the Ostyaks and Tunguzes. See Weber, Indische Skizzen, p. 66.
163 Erman, Reise urn die Erde; Berlin, 1833-43, vol. ii. p. 677. Voyages au Nord, vol. viii. p. 415.
164 Catlin, vol. i. p. 44.
165 Sir Q. Simpson, Narrative of a Journey round the World; London, 1847, vol. i. p. 75.
166 Pnrchas, vol. v. p. 768. See Livingstone, Missionary Travels, etc., in South Africa; London, 1867, p. 465. See also Marco Polo, in Pinkerton, vol. vii. p. 163.
167 L. F. Romer, Nachr. von der Kurite Guinea's; Copenhagen, Leipzig, 1769, p. 43. See Waitz, vol. ii. p. 503.
168 Lewis and Clarke, Expedition; Philadelphia, 1814, p. 107.
169 Schoolcraft, part iii. p. 323.
170 W. B. Baker, 'On Maori Popular Poetry,' Trans. Eth. Soc.; London, 1861, p. 49.
171 Pausanias, i. 21.
172 See Forbes-Leslie, Early Races of Scotland; Edinburgh, 1836, vol. i. p. 191. William of Malmesbury, ii. 174; see Liebrecht in Heidelberger Jahrbucher, 1808, p 328.
173 Kenrick, Essay on Primaeval History; London, 1846, p. 41.
174 Cieza de Leon, Travel (tr. and ed. by Markham), Hakluyt Soc. 1864, p. 378.
175 Latham, Descriptive Ethnology; vol. i. p. 360.
176 Lane, Thousand and One Nights, vol. iii. p. 141. M. A. Walker, Macedonia, London, 1864, p. 48.
177 Tennent, Ceylon; vol. ii. p. 132. Scherzer, Voy. of the Novara, E. Tr.; London, 1861, etc. vol. i. p. 413.
178 Southey, History of Brazil; London, 1822, vol. i.; Sup. p. xx.
179 Rev. G. Turner, Nineteen Years in Polynesia; London, 1801, p. 245.
180 Catlin, vol. ii. p. 165, etc.
181 J. Q. Muller, Amerikanische Urreligionen; Basle, 1855, p. 578, see 272.
182 C. J. Andersson, Lake Ngami, etc., p. 327.
183 Lyell, Second Visit to U. S.; London, 1850, vol. ii. p. 313. C. Hamilton Smith, Nat. Hist, of Human Species; Edinburgh, 1848, p. 35. Schoolcraft, part iii. p. 74. Burton, Central Africa; vol. i. p. 288. Squier and Davis, Anct. Mon. of Mssi. Valley, vol. i. of Smithsonian Contr.; Washington, 1848, p. 293. Rawlinson, Herodotus; book ii. 91. iii. 82.
184 Collins, New South Wales; London, 1793, vol. i. p. 569.
185 Schoolcraft, part i, pp. 372, 380-382, part ii. p. 180. See Narrative of John Tanner, part ii.
186 Charlevoix, vol. vi. p. 88. See Waitz, Anthropologie, vol. iii. p. 214.
187 Jacob Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, Gottingen, 3rd Edit.; 1854, p. 1045, etc. Brand, Popular Antiquities, Bohn's Series; London, 1855, vol. iii. pp. 10, 52, 141.
188 Rivero and Tschudi, p. 181.
189 St. John, vol. ii. p. 260.
190 Dubois, Moeurs, etc., des Peuples de 1'Inde; Paris, 1825, vol. ii. p. 63.
191 Mrs. Mason, Civilizing Mountain Men; London, 1862, p. 121. See Mason in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, part ii. 1865, p. 224.
192 Grimm, D. M., p. 1047. Wuttke, Deutsche Volksaberglaube; Hamburg, 1860, pp. 102, 120.
193 Hutchinson, in Tr. Eth. Soc.; London, 1861, p. 336.
194 Bowring, Siam; London, 1857, vol. i. p. 139.
195 Ravenstein, The Russians on the Amur; London, 1861, p. 351.
196 Coleman, The Mythology of the Hindus; London, 1832, p. 83.
197 For discussion of image-worship or idolatry, where the image is considered to be actually animated by a human soul or divine spirit which has taken up its abode in it as a body, see Tylor, Primitive Culture, chap. xiv. [Note to 3rd Edition.]
198 Huc and Gabet, Voy. dans la Tartarie, etc.; Paris, 1850, vol. ii. p. 136.
199 Hale, in U. S. Exploring Exp.; Philadelphia, vol. vi., 1846, p. 23. W. Tate. Account of New Zealand; London, 1835, p. 151; Taylor, New Zealand and its Inhabitants, 2nd ed., London, I870, chap. vi.
200 Plin. xxvii. 35, 74.
201 Paris, Pharmacologia; London, 1843, p. 47.
202 Charlevoix, vol. vi. p. 24. For a similar case, see the Penny Cyclopaedia, art. "Atropa Mandragora" (mandrake).
203 Lazarus, Leben der Seele; Berlin, 1856-7, vol. ii. p. 77.
204 Kuhn, Die Herabkunft des Feuers und des Gottertranks; Berlin, 1859, p. 227. Wuttke, pp. 16, 67.
205 Plin., xxii. 16, 24 ; xxiii. 54.
206 Brand, vol. iii. p. 10. Grimm, D. M., p. 1047.
207 Lane, Mod. Eg., vol. i. p. 361.
208 Plin., xxviii. 4. Plut., Q. 11. Macrob., Sat., iii. 9. See Bayle, art. "Soranus."
209 St. John, Borneo, vol. i. p. 197.
210 Dobrizhoffer, The Abipones, E. Tr.; London, 1822, vol. ii. p. 273. Southey, History of Brazil; London, 1819, vol. iii. p. 394.
211 Richard, Tonquin, in Pinkerton, vol. ix. p. 734. Eisenmenger, part i. p. 489. Parkyns, Abyssinia, vol. ii. p. 147.
212 Letters of Columbus (Hakluyt Soc.); London, 1847, p. 217. Rochefort, Les Antilles; Rotterdam, 1758, p. 458.
213 Cook, First Voy. H, vol. ii. p. 251. Second Voyage; London, 2nd edit., 1777, vol. i. p. 167. See Dumont d'Urville, Voy. de 1'Astrolabe, vol. i. p. 189 (Australia).
214 Colden, Hist. of the Five Indian Nations of Canada; London, 1747, part i. p. 10.
215 Davis, vol. ii. p. 215.
216 Lane, Mod. Eg., vol. i. p. 347-8. Petherick, Egypt, etc.; Edinburgh, 1861, p. 221.
217 Turner, Polynesia, pp. 18, 89, 424.
218 Polack, Manners and Customs of the New Zealanders; London, 1840, vol. i. p. 282. Ellis, vol. ii. p. 228. Williams, Fiji, vol. i. p. 249. Purchas, vol. ii. p. 1652, etc.
219 Casalis, p. 276. J. L. Wilson, p. 215. D. & C. Livingstone, Exp. to Zambesi; London, 1865, p. 46.
220 Roberts, Or. Illustr., p. 476.
221 Klemm, C. G., vol. ii. p. 168. Fitz Roy, in Tr. Eth. Soc.; London, 1861, p. 5. Forbes in Journ. Eth. Soc. vol. ii. p. 236.
222 Stanbridge, id. p. 299.
223 See Lipschutz, De Communi Humani Generis Origine; Hamburg, 1864, p. 159, etc.; Lane, Thousand and One N., vol. ii. p. 215; Story, Rola di Roma, vol. ii. p. 342.
224 Tennent, Ceylon, vol. ii. p. 545.
225 Rimer, Guinea, p. 112. Klemm, C. G., vol. iii. p. 352.
226 Brand, vol. iii. p. 29.
227 Turner, p. 294.
228 Kracheninnikow, Descr. du Kamtchatka; Paris, 1768, p. 22. Klemm, C. G., vol. ii. p. 297.
229 Yate, p. 83.
230 Casalis, p. 271.
231 Schoolcraft, part iii. p. 69.
232 Plin., xxix. 20.
233 Wuttke, p. 188.
234 St. John, vol. i. p. 176. Dobrizhoffer, vol. i. p. 258. Rochefort, p. 410.
235 J. L. Wilson, p. 168.
236 Polack, vol. i. p. 270.
237 Williams, Fiji, p. 228.
238 Rev. J. H. Bernau, Missionary Labours in British Guiana; London, 1847, p. 59.
239 Brasseur, Popol Vuh; Paris, 1861, p. 141.
240 Somadeva Bhatta, vol. i. p. 139.
241 J. and W. Grimm, Kinder und Hausmarchen; Gottingen, 1857-6, vol. i. p. 427, vol. iii. pp. 145, 328. See also Bastian, vol. iii. p. 19, (Papuans); Dumont d'Urville, vol. v. p. 444 (New Zealand).
242 Kingsborough, Vatican MS., vol. ii. pl. 75; vols. v. and vi.
243 Plin., ix. 35; xviii. 75; xvii. 24.
244 Turner, p. 347, and see p. 423.
245 R. Chambers, Popular Rhymes of Scotland; Edinburgh, 1826, p. 23.
246 Lang, Queensland; London, 1861, p. 360.
247 Ellis, Madagascar; vol. i. p. 73. Sproat, Scenes of Savage Life, p. 169.
248 Pictet, Origines; part ii. p. 641. Diez, Worterb. s. v. "fattizio." Grimm, D. M. p. 914, etc. See Diefenbach, Vergl. Wurterb. i. 12; ii. 69.
249 Dr. v. Martius, Vergangenheit und Zukunft der Amerikanischen Menschlitit; 1839. But see below, chap, xiii., as to this eminent ethnologist's change of opinion.
250 Aulus Gellius, Socles Atticae, x. 15 Plut., Q. R., cix. etc.
251 Catlin, vol. i. p. 39, 109. Schoolcraft, part i. p. 310; part ii. p. 179. Charlevoix, vol. vi. p. 187 Burton, Central Africa, vol. i. p. 44; vol. ii. p. 295. Purchas, vol. iv. p. 1339, 1520, etc. etc. Dobrizhoffer, vol. ii. p. 72. Klemm, C. G., vol. ii. p. 169, 171-2. See Strabo, xv. 1, 22.
252 Regnard, Lapland, in Pinkerton, vol. i. p. 163, 180. Ravenstein, p. 93. Molina, Hist., of Chile, E, Tr.; London, 1809, vol. ii. p. 106. Falkner, Patagonia, Hereford, 1774, p. 117. See Bastian, vol. ii. p. 123.
253 Mayne, British Columbia, etc.; London, 1862, p. 278.
254 Dobrizhoffer, vol. ii. p. 444. See also Mullen, 'Darien Indians,' in Tr. Eth. Soc. vol. iv. p. 265.
255 Seemann, Viti; London, 1862, p. 190. Marsden, Hist. of Sumatra: London, 1811, p. 257.
256 Schoolcraft, part ii. p 65.
257 Id. p. 433. Sec also Burton, City of the Saints, p. 141.
258 Backhouse, Australia, p. 93.
259 St. John, vol. i. p. 51.
260 Long's Exp., vol. i. p. 253.
261 Schoolcraft, part. ii. p. 196.
262 F. de W. Ward, India and the Hindoos; London, 1853, p. 189.
263 Munzinger, Ostaf rikanische Studien; Schaffhaustn, 1864, pp. 325, 526.
264 Eyre, vol. ii. pp. 336-9. The wharepin is a ceremonial depilation.
265 Bowring, p. 8.
266 Polack, vol. i. p. 38.
267 Simpson, Journey, vol. i. p. 130. Schoolcraft, part iii. p. 234.
268 Dobrizhoffer, vol. ii. p. 273.
269 Despard, Fireland ('Sunday at Home,' Oct. 31, 1863).
270 Klemm, C. G., vol. ii. p. 226.
271 Lang, Queensland, pp. 367, 387. Eyre, L C.
272 Bastian, vol. ii. p. 276. etc. See also Fontana, 'Nicobarls.' in As. Res., vol. iii. p. 154. Callaway, Religion of Amazulu, p. 169.
273 Plin., xxviii. 5.
274 Mrs. Edniondston, Shetland Islands; Edin. 1856, p. 20.
275 St. John, vol. i. p. 62.
276 Wuttke, p. 118. See also Grimm, D. M., p. 633, 1213.
277 Ravenstein, p. 382.
278 Mouhot, Travels in Indo-China, etc.; London, 1864, vol. i. p. 263.
279 Aiurhan, p. 212.
280 Schoolcraft, part iii. pp. 314, 492.
281 Cook, Third Voyage, vol. ii. p. 170.
282 Polack, vol. i. p. 38 (mikara?); vol. ii. p. 126.
283 Hale, in U. S. Exp., vol. vi. p. 238. Max Muller, Lectures, 2nd series ; London, 1864, pp. 34-41. Tyerinan and Tennet, vol. ii. p. 520.
284 Eyre, vol. ii. p. 354.
285 Milligan, in Papers, etc., of Roy. Soc. of Tasmania, vol. iii. part ii. 1859, p. 281.
286 Dobrizhoffer, vol. ii. p. 203.
287 Max Muller, l. c.
288 Dohne, Zulu-Kafir Dictionary; Cape Town, 1857, s. v. honipa. See Bastian, 'RechtsveT-haltnisse,' p. 352 (name of King of Wadai).
289 Layard, Nineveh; London, 1849, vol. i p. 297.
290 Lieber, 'Laura Bridgman;' Smithsonian C., 1851, p. 9.
291 Brasseur, Hist. du Mexique, vol. i. books ii. and iii. See vol. iii. book lii. chapter iii.
292 The author, after ten years' more experience, would now rather say more cautiously not that Quetzalcohuatl is the Sun personified, but that his story contains episode seemingly drawn from sun-myth. [Note to 3rd edition.]
293 Muller, Lectures, 2nd series, p. 497.
294 Goguet, vol. iii. p. 322. De Mailla, Histoire Gen. de la Chine; Paris, 1777, vol. i. p. 4.
295 Herod., iv. 98. See Plin., x. 34. Bastian, vol. i. p. 415.
296 Keate, Pelew Islands; London, 1788, pp. 367, 392.
297 Erman (E. Tr.); London, 1848, vol. i. p. 492. Macpherson, Memorials of India, p. 359. As. Res. vol. iv. p. 64, vol. v. p. 127. Journ. lud. Archip. vol. i. pp. 260, 330.
298 Goguet, vol. i. pp. 161, 212. Klemm. C. G., vol. i. p. 3. Bastian, vol. i. p. 412.
299 Charlevoix, vol. vi. p. 151. Long's Exp., vol. i. p. 235 (a passage which suggests a reason for Lucina being the patroness of child-birth). Talbot, Disc. of Lederer, p. 4
300 Humboldt and Bonpland, vol. iii. p. 20. Rochefourt, p. 412.
301 J. J. v. Tschudi, Peru; St. Gall, 1846, vol. ii. p. 383. See Markbam, Gr. & Dic. of Quichua, p. 11.
302 Marsden, p. 192. Keate, loc. cit. Klemm, C. G., vol. iv. p. 396.
303 Tyennan and Bennet, Journal; London, 1831, vol. i. p. 455.
304 Boturini, Ideade una nueva Historia, etc.; Madrid, 1746, p. 85.
305 II., vi. 163. Wolf, Proleg. in Hom.; Halle, 1859, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 48, etc. Lidell and Scott, c. v. "Here, as everywhere else, in order thoroughly to understand Homer, one must use the negative evidence of the tragedians. Till we remark how freely they attribute writing to the heroic age, we shall not fully take in the importance of Homer's utter silence upon the subject." Saturday Review, Apr. 29, 1865, p. 511.
306 Monat, Andaman Islanders, pp. 7, 11, 315.
307 Whately, Miscellaneous Lectures and Reviews; London, 1856.
308 Swart, Journaal van de Reis naar het onbekende Zuidland, door Abel Jansz. Tasman; Amsterdam, 1800, pp. 80-95.
309 Fitz Roy and Darwin, Narrative of Voyage of 'Adventure' and 'Beagle;' London, 1839, vol. iii. p. 236. See vol. i. p. 137.
310 The World Encompassed by Sir Francis Drake. Hakluyt Soc. 1844, pp. 74-8. Klemm, C. G., vol. i. p. 33. W. P. Snow, Tierra del Fuego, etc.; London, 1857, vol. ii. 308.
311 Crawfurd, Gr. and Dic. of Malay Language; London, 1852, vol. i. pp. ii. lviii. lxvii. and see ccxviii.
312 Jacob Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, pp. 224-5 668. Schoolcraft, part i., p. 271. Dobrizhoffer, vol. ii. p. 84. Du Tertre, Hist. Gen. des Antilles, etc.; Paris, 1667, vol., ii. p. 371. Turner, Polynesia, p. 531.
313 Humboldt, Vues, pl. 56.
314 Castren, Finnische Mythologie, pp. 63-5. Grimm, D. M. p. 669. Ellis, Polyn. Res. vol. ii. p. 415.
315 Nieremberg, Hist. Nat.; Antwerp, 1635, p. 143. Humboldt, Vues, pl. 23.
316 Vambery, Travels in Central Asia; London, 1864, p. 173.
317 Pictet, Origines, part ii. p. 425.
318 Fergusson, Illustrated Handbook of Architecture; London, 1855, vol. i, pp. 148, 208, 220, etc.
319 Petherick, pp. 293, 395. Andersson, p. 364. Backhouse, Narr. of a Visit to the Mauritius and S. Africa; London, 1844, p. 377. Du Chaillu, Equatorial Africa, p. 91, etc. etc. It appears, however, that a bellows on the Malagasy principle is known in West African districts. See Waitz, vol. ii. p. 378.
320 Marsden, p. 181. Raffles, Hist, of Java, vol. i. pp. 168, 173. Dampier, Voyages; London, 1703-9, 6th ed. vol. i. p. 332. Bishop of Labuan, in Tr. Kih. Soc.; London, 1863, p. 29. Gr. W. Earl, Papuans; London, 1853, p. 76. Munliot, Travels in Indo-China, etc.; London, 1S64, vol. ii. p. 133. Ellis, Madagascar, vol. i. p. 307. Percy, Metallurgy; London, 1864, pp. 255, 273-8, 746.
321 Collins, vol. i, p. 548. Ward, Hindoos, p. 43. Klemm, C. G., vol. i. p. 314; fol. ii. p. 292.
322 Gilij, Saggio di Storia Americana; Rome, 1780-4, vol. ii. p. 40. See Bates, The Naturalist on the R. Amazons; London, 1863, vol. ii p. 196.
323 Tennent, Ceylon, vol. ii. p. 523. See Plin., xiii. 7.
324 Klemm, C. G., vol. iii. p. 236. Adanson in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 642.
325 Ellis, vol. i. p. 371.
326 Backhouse, Australia, p. 172.
327 Humboldt, Essai Politique; Paris, 1S11, vol. ii. p. 185, etc.
328 Torrens, Travels in Ladak, etc.; London, 1862, p. 271.
329 Huc, L'Empire Chinois; Paris, 1854, 2nd ed. p. 114.
330 Bollaert, Res. in New Granada, etc.; London, 1860, p. 83.
331 Wilkinson, Pop. Acc., vol. ii. p. 350.
332 Grey, Journals, vol. ii. p. 276.
333 Wright, Domestic Manners, p. 457.
334 Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, Voyages, etc.; London, 1598, vol. ii. part ii. p. 68.
335 Gul. de Rubruquis, in Hakluyt, vol. i. p. 75. See Ayton, in Purchas, vol. iii. p. 242.
336 Williams, Fiji, vol. i. pp. 212-3.
337 Seemann, Viti, p. 179.
338 Williams, vol. i. p. 133.
339 Lane Fox, 'Primitive Warfare,' in Journ. Royal United Service Inst.
340 S. Ferguson, in Trans. R. I. A.; Dublin, 1843, vol. xix.
341 Isid. Origg. vxii. 7.
342 Lang, p. 328. Backhouse, Austr., p. 380. J. G. Wood, in Boy's Own Mag. vol. v. p. 526.
343 Wallace, Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro; London, 1853, p. 294. De la Condamine, in Pinkerton, vol. xiv. p. 248. Dolrizhoffer, vol. i. p. 327.
344 Logan, in Journ. Ind. Archip., vol. iii. p. 35. Cameron, Malayan India, p. 120.
345 Cieza de Leon, Travels (Tr. and Ed. by Markham), Hakluyt Soc. 1861, p. 81.
346 Cook, First Voy. H., vol. ii. p. 186. So the Birmese, Bastian, Oestl. Asien., vol. ii.p. 99 ; see also W. Gr. Palgrave, Central and Eastern Arabia, vol. ii. p. 156.
347 J. R. Forster, Observations (Cook's Second Voy.); London, 1778, p. 384.
348 Seemann, pp. 291, 329.
349 Marsden, p. 183.
350 Cook's First Voy. H., vol. ii. p. 198; Third Voy., vol. iii. p. 141.
351 The etymology of kava or ava is of interest. Its original meaning may have been that of bitterness or pungency; kawa, N. Z. = pungent, bitter, strong (as spirits, etc.); 'ara, Tab. =a bitter, disagreeable taste; kava, Rar. Hang. Xuk., 'a'ava, Sam., awa awa, Haw. =sour, bitter, pungent. Thence the name may have been given, not only to the plant of which the intoxicating drink is made, the Macropiper methysticum, kara, Tong. Rar. Nuk.; 'ara, Sam. Tah. Haw.; but also in N. Z. to the Macropiper cxcelsum, or kawa kawa, and in Tahiti to tobacco, 'ava 'ava. Lastly, the drink is named in Tahiti and in other islands from the plant it is expressed from. But Mariner's Tongan vocabulary seems to go the other way; area = the pepper plant; also the root of this plant, of which is made a peculiar kind of beverage, etc.; caicna bitter, brackish, also intoxicated with cava, or anything else. This looks as though the name of the plant gave a name to the quality of bitterness, as we say "peppery" in the sense of hot. (See the Vocabularies of Mariner, Hale, Buschmann, and the Church Miss. Soc., N. Z.) Southey (Hist, of Brazil, vol. i. p. 245) compares the word kava with the South American word caourin or kaawij, a liquor made from maize or the mandioc root by chewing, boiling with water, and fermenting; but the idea of bitterness or pungency is unsuitable to this liquor. Dias (Die. da Lingua Tupy) gives perhaps a more accurate form, cauim = rvinho, a derivative perhaps from cau = beber (vinho). To show how easily such accidental coincidences as that of kava and cauim may be found, a German root may be pointed out for both, looking as suitable as though it were a real one, kaufn, to chew.
352 Brasseur, Popol Vuh; pp. 345-7. See also Diego de Landa, Rel.
353 Burton, City of the Saints, p. 60.
354 Darwin, Journal, p. 194.
355 Herod., iv. 61. See Ezekiel xxiv. 5 in LXX. Klemm, C. G., vol. ii. p. 229 (bones rubbed with fat burnt by Esquimaux).
356 Tylor, Mexico, pp. 157-161.
357 Livingstone, p. 49.
358 Ravenstein, p. 318.
359 Klemm, C. G., vol. iii. p. 4.
360 Buschmann, Spuren der Aztekischen Sprache im nordlichen Mexico, etc., etc. (Abh. der K. A. v. W., 1854); Berlin, 1859, p. 633, etc.
361 W. Cooke Taylor, The Nat. Hist. of Society; London, 1840, vol. i. p. 205.
362 See Eyre, vol. ii. p. 308; Klemm, C. G., vol. i. p. 316, pi. vii. Lane Fox, 1. c.
363 Humboldt & Bonpland, vol. ii. p. 451, etc. It is a fact that some stone be more easily worked when fresh from the ground, than after its water has evaporated.
364 Wallace, p. 278. See Barr, 'Drilling in Stone without Metal,' in Smithsonian Report, 1868.
365 Troyon, Habitations Lacustres;' Lausanne, 1860, pi. vii. fig. 24, pp. 43, 429, 465.
366 Wilde, Cat of Mus. of R. I. Acad; Dublin, 1857, p. 80.
367 Klemm, Allgemeine Culturwissenschaft; Leipzig, 1855-8, part ii. p. 86.
368 Brasseur, Mexique, vol. iii. p. 640.
369 Milligan, in Tr. Eth. Soc.; London, 1863, vol. ii. p. 123.
370 Grey, Journals, vol. i. pp. 71, 109.
371 Casalis, p. 131; Petherick, p. 395 ; Burton, Central Africa, vol. ii. p. 312 ; Backhouse, Africa, p. 377.
372 Kioinui, U. V., part ii. p. 87.
373 Klemm, C. W., part ii. p. 12.
374 Sir John Lubbock, in his admirable treatise on primaeval antiquities (Pre-Historic Times; London, 1865, 2nd ed., 1869), has now introduced the terms Palaiolithic and Peolithic to designate the two great divisions of the Stone Age.
3751 Prestwich, 'On the Geological Position and Age of the Flint-Implement-Bearing Beds, etc.' (from Phil. Trans.); London, 1864. See A. Tylor, 'On the Amiens Gravel,' in Journ. Geol. Soc., May, 1867.
376 See Evans, Flint Implements in the Drift; London, 1862.
377 Squier & Davis, p. 21L
378 Vaux, in Proc. Soc. Ant., Jan. 19, I860.
379 See, for instance, W. Boyd Dawkins, in Proc. Somersetshire Archaeological Soc., 1861-2, p. 197.
380 H. Christy, in Tr. Eth. Soc., vol. iii. p. 362. Lartet & Christy, Reliquaes Aquitaniae, (ed. by T. R. Jones,) London, 1865, etc.
381 Lubbock in Nat. Hist. Review, Oct. 1S61. Morlot in Soc. Vaudoise des Sc. Nat., 1859.
382 Cook, First Voy. H., vol. ii. p. 220; vol. iii. p. 60.
383 Purchas, vol. i. p. 95.
384 Schoolcraft, part ii. pi. 48, figs. 1 and 2.
385 Id., part ii. pi. 45, figs. 1-3. Another specimen in the Edinburgh Antiquane Museum, presented by Dr. Daniel Wilson.
386 Klemm, C. W., part. ii. p. 26; Rivero & Tschudi. Ant. Per. Plates, pi. xxxiii. The opinion of Mr. Druiks that these supposed South American weapons are really Polynesian, but ticketed by mistake, seems the most probable. [Note to 3rd Edition.]
387 See Squier & Davis, etc.
388 Squier, Abor. Mon. of State of N. Y., Smithsonian Contr.; Washington, 1851, pp. 176-7. Sir J. Richardson, The Polar Regions; Edinburgh, 1861, p. 308. Hakluyt, vol. iii. p 230. Klemm, C. G., vol. ii. p. 18.
389 Cook, Third Voy., vol. ii. p. 380.
390 Mendoza Codex, in Kingsborough, vol. i.
391 Dresden Codex, id.
392 Tylor, Mexico; p. 236.
393 Ewbank, Brazil; New York, 1846, pp. 454-463.
394 Herod., i. 215.
395 Strabo, xi. 8, 6.
396 Kracheninnikow, p. 29.
397 Erman, Reise, vol. iii. p. 453.
398 Sarytschew, in Coll. of Mod. etc., Toy. and Tr.; London, 1807, vol. v. p. 35.
399 A. W. Franks, in Trans, of the Congress of Pre-historic Archaeology; Norwich, 1888, p. 264.
400 Cirosier, De la Chine; Paris, 1818, vol. i. p. 191.
401 Goguet, vol. iii. p. 331.
402 Memoires concernant 1'Histoire, etc., des Chiaois, par les Missionnaires de Pekin; Paris, 1776, etc., vol. iv. p. 474. Klemm. C. G., vol. vi. p. 467.
403 Ravenstein, p. 4.
404 Tac., Germ. xlvi.; and see Grimm, G. D. S., vol. i. p. 173.
405 Wilkinson, Top. Acc., vol. i. pp. 222, 353.
406 Strabo, xv. 2, 2.
407 Ph. Fr. v. Siebold, Nippon, Archiv zur Beschreibung von Japan; Leyden, 1832, etc., part ii. plates xi. to xiii. pp. 45, etc. Brandt, in Zeitschnftnologie, vol. iv. (Verb.) p. 26, or Journ. Antbrop. Inst. vol. iii. p. 132.
408 Yates, in Archaeological Journal, No. 42. Earl, Papuans, pp. 175-6. Le Mesurier, in Joura. As. Soc. Bengal, 1861, No. 1, p. 81. Theobald, As. Soc., Apr. 1864, etc., etc.
409 Weber, Indische Skizzen; Berlin, 1857, p. 9. Max Muller, Lectures, second series, p. 230, etc.
410 Schoolcraft, part ii. pp. 389, 397, 463, 506; part iii. pp. 426, 418.
411 Grimm, D. M., p. 165; G. D. S., p. 610.
412 In this connexion see the meanings of of man in Boehtlingk & Roth, and Benfey Q. W. L., part i. p. 156.
413 LXX., Ed. Field, Oxford, 1859. Elsewhere Gilead instead of Guash, and other differences.
414 Breeher, Die Beschneidang der Isnetttea; Vienna, 1845, p. 70, says a reed is objectionable on account of the splinters.
415 Mariner, vol. i. p. 329; vol. ii. p. 252; Vocab. s. v. "cawo," "tefe." Williams, Fiji, vol. i. p. 166. The Orang Sabimba of the Malay Peninsula cut the umbilical cord at childbirth with a rattan knife, though they bare iron ore, Journ. Ind. Archip., vol. i. p. 298.
416 Ludolfi, Historia Ithiopica; Frankfort-on-Maine, 1581, iii. 1, 21.
417 My authority for this statement is Mr. Philip Abraham, Secretary of the Reformed Synagogue in Margaret Street, Cavendish Square.
418 Mishna, Treatise Cholin, ch. i. 2.
419 Herod., ii. 86.
420 Diod. Sic., i. 91.
421 Herod., iii. 8.
422 Plin., xii. 54. The Bogos of Abyssinia are reported still to make stone hatchets for stripping bark, and to use flint chips for bleeding. Materiaux pour 1'Histoire de I'Homme, June, 1872. [Note to 3rd Edition.]
423 Plin., xxxv. 46, xi. 107.
424 Plin., xix. 57, xxiii. 81, xxiv., 6, 62.
425 G. F. Angas, South Australia Illustrated; London, 1847, pl. 1.
426 Fitz Roy, Voy. of H.M.S. Adventure and Beagle; London, 1839, vol. ii. p. 184. Mouat, p. 305. Yate, p. 243. Loskiel, p. 144.
427 Purchas, vol. i. pp.118, 133, 275, 417.
428 See Busk, in Trans. Pre-hist. Congress, 1868, p. 69. G. V. du Noyer, in Archaeological Journal, 1847.
429 Blcek, Reynard in Africa, p. 90.
430 Bowen, Gr. and Dic. of Yoruba Lang.; p. xvi., in Smithsonian Contr., vol. i.
431 Herod., vii. 69, 71.
432 Strabo, xvi. 4, 9, 11.
433 Andersson, p. 15.
434 Barker-Webb & Berthelot, Histoire Natnrelle des les Canaries; Paris, 1842, etc., vol. i. part L pp. 62, 107, 138. Bory d St. Vincent, Essai sur les Rea Fortunees; Paris, An XI. (1803-4), pp. 58, 75-6, 156.
435 Homer, p. 54. Klemm, C. G., vol. iii. p. 378.
436 Bosnian, Beschryving van de Guinese Quod-Kust, etc. ; Utrecht, 1704, p. 109 (West Africa). Latham, Descr. Eth., vol. i. p. 159 (Khyens).
437 Speke, Journal of Disc.; Edin. and London, 1866, p. 223.
438 Proc. S. Geog. Soc., Feb. 25, 1S64, p. 41.
439 Klemm, O. W., part ii. p. 65 ; and see Castren, Finnische Mythologie, p. 42.
440 Pr. Max. v. Wied, Reise nach Erasilien; Frankfort, 1820-1, vol. ii. p. 35.
441 Wilde, Cat. R. I. A., p. 19.
442 Wilson, Archaeology, etc., of Scotland; Edinburgh, 1851, pp. 124, 134, etc.
443 Boethius, Gemmarum & Lapidum Historia, recensnit, etc. Adrianus Tolhas; Leyden, 1649, p. 482.
444 Plin., xxxvii. 51.
445 Ellis, Madagascar, vol. i. pp. 30, 398.
446 Coleman, Myth, of Hindoos, p. 327.
447 J. Hunt, in Mem. Anthropol. Soc., vol. ii. p. 317. E. Hunt, Popular Romances of W. of England, 2nd series, p. 233.
448 Grimm, D. M.. pp. 164, 11-70.
449 Plin., lxxvii. 55.
450 Liv., i. 24; xxx. 43. Cornelius Nepos; Hannibal. Grimm, D. M., p. 1171.
451 Kuhn, Herabkunft des Feuers, p. 192-4.
452 A passage in Klemm, C. G., vol. iv. p. 91, relating to a Circassian sacrificing with a "thurvlerlwlt," arises from a misunderstanding. See J. b. Bull, Circassia, vol. ii. pp. 9o, 108.
453 Plut., 'Aqua an Ignis utilior?'
454 Galvano, Discoveries of the World; Hakluyt Soc., London, 1862, pp. 66, 174-9, 238.
455 Wilkes, Narr. of U. S. Exploring Exp., 1838-42; London. 1845, vol. v. i. 15.
456 Hale, Ethnography, etc., of U. S. Exp.; Philadelphia ed. vol. vi. 1846, pp. 149, 363.
457 Sir G. Grey, Polynesian Mythology; London, 1855, pp. 45-9.
458 Turner, Polynesia, pp. 527-8, and Vocab.
459 Otto v. Kotzebue, Entdeckungs-Reise; Weimar, 1821, vol. ii. p. 67.
460 Pigafetta, Viaggio fatto attorno il Mondo, 1556. Eng. Trans, in Pinkerton, vol. xi.
461 Homius, De Originibus Americanis; The Hague, 1652, pp. 204, 51. See Goguet, vol. i. p. 69.
462 Le Gobien, Histoire des Isles Marianes; Paris, 1700, p. 44.
463 Herod., iii. 16.
464 Lafitau, Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains; Paris, 1724, vol. i, p. 40.
465 Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses; Paris, 1731, vol. xx. p. 223. Goguet, 1. c.
466 Mela, iii. c. 9.
467 Plin., vi. 65, and see ii. 67.
468 Krapf, Travels, etc., in East Africa; London, 1360, p. 51, etc. See Peity, Grundzuge der Ethnographie; Leipzig, 1859, p. 248.
469 Plin., vii. 2.
470 Pethcrick p. 267.
471 Plin., vi. 35, vii. 2.
472 Backhouse, Australia, p. 99.
473 See Chapter XII. Mr. Calder in Journ. Anthrop. Inst. vol. iii. p. 19, accounts for the Tasmanians' non-use of the friction -apparatus by stating that the trees of the country are mostly too hard and uninflammable for the purpose. [Note to 3rd Edition.]
474 Athenaeum, Oct. 15, 1864, p. 503.
475 Angas, Savage Life; vol. i. p. 112.
476 Oldfield in Tr. Eth. Soc., vol. iii. p. 233. Dumont d'Urville, Voyage de l'Astrolabe; vol. i. p. 95. See Sir John Lubbock's remarks on accounts of tribes without fire, or without the art of fire-making, in Prehistoric Times, pp. 423. 439, 547.
477 Darwin, in Narr., vol. iii. p. 488. Polack, vol. i. p. 165. Tyerman and Bennet, vol. i. p. 141. Buschmann, Des Marquises, etc.; Berlin, 1843, pp. 140-1. Mariner, Vocab., s. vv. tao-qji, tolonya, coicnatoo. S. S. Fanner, Tonga, etc.: London, 1858, p. 138. Walpole, Four Years in the Pacific; London, 1849, vol. ii. p. 377. Kotzebue, vol. iii. p. 154. See mention of fire made by rubbing, not drilling, two pieces of wood, in Rochefort, Les Antilles, p. 441.
478 Bowring, vol. i p. 206. St. John, vol. i. p. 137. Marsden, p. 60. See Tennent, Ceylon, vol. i. p. 105.
479 Cook, First Voy. H., vol. iii. p. 234. Angas, S. Australia, pi. 27.
480 Lubbock, p. 440.
481 Marsden, p. 60.
482 Kotzebue, vol. iii. p. 154.
483 Cook, Third Voy., vol. ii. p. 513.
484 Kraclieninnikow, p. 30.
485 Latham, Descr. Eth., vol. L p. 89.
486 Shortt, in Tr. Eth. Soc. , vol. iii. p. 376.
487 Tennent, Ceylon, vol. ii. p. 451. Bailey in Tr. Eth. Soc., 1863, p. 291.
488 Casalis, p. 129. Klemm, C. W., part i. p. 67. Koelle, Kanuri Vocab.; p. 413.
489 Glas, Canary Islands; London, 1764, p. 8.
490 Klemm, C. G., vol. ii. p. 239. Schoolcraft, part i. p. 214. Loskiel, p. 70, Lafitau, Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains; Paris, 1724, TO!, ii. p. 242.
491 Kingsborough, Selden MS., Vatican MS.
492 Brasseur, Popol-Vuh, pp. 64,218, 243.
493' Oviedo, Hystoria General de las Indias; Salamanca, 1 547, vi. 5.
494 Spix and Martins, vol. ii. p. 387, and plates. Purchas, vol. iii. p. 983 ; vol. iv. p. 1345. Molina, vol. ii. p. 122. Dobrizhoffer, vol. ii. p. 118. Garcilaso de la Vega, Commentaries Reales (2nd ed.); Madrid, 1723, p. 198.
495 Ellis, Madagascar, vol. i. p. 317.
496 Darwin, in Narr., vol. iii. p. 488.
497 Kuhn, Herabkunft des Feuers, p. 39.
498 Hom. Od., ix. 332.
499 Hakluyt, vol. iii. p. 104.
500 Henry Ellis, Voyage to Hudson's Bay; London, 1748, pp. 132, 234.
501 Sir E. Belcher, in Tr. Eth. Soc., 1861, p. 140.
502 Kotzebue, vol. iii. p. 155.
503 Thomson, New Zealand, vol. i. p. 203.
504 Schoolcraft, part iii. pi. 28. D. Wilson, Prehistoric Man, vol. ii. p. 375.
505 Holtzappfel, Turning and Mechanical Manipulation; London, 1856, vol. ii. p. 557.
506 Wilkes, U. S. Exp., vol. v. p. 17.
507 Turner, p. 273.
508 L. H. Morgan, League of the Iroquois; Rochester, U. S., 1851, p. 381.
509 Bastian, Oestl. Asien, vol. ii. p. 413; Cameron, Malayan India, p. 136.
510 Cal."Hast thou not dropped from heaven?" (Tempest, act ii. scene 2.)
Cal.
"It would control my dam's god, Setebos." (Id., act. i. scene 2.)
511 Pigafetta, in Pinkcrton, vol. xi. Their process was the simplest hand-drilling, as appears (1577-80) from the account in Drake's World Encompassed, Hak. Soc. 1854, p. 48. W. P. Snow, Tierra del Fuego, etc.; vol. ii. p. 360.
512 Wallis, in Hawkesworth, vol. i. p. 171.
513 Sarmiento de Gamboa, Viage al Estrecho de Magallanes; Madrid, 176S, p. 220. "Y unos pedazos de pedernal, pasados, y pintados de margaxita de oro y plata: y preguntandoles que para que era aquello? dixeron ior sefuis, que para sacar fuego; y luego uno de ellos torno unas plumas de las que trahia, y sirviendole de yesca, sac fuego con el pedernal. Pargceme que es (casca?) de metal de plata il oro de veto, porque es al natural como el curiquixo de porco en el Pini."
514 Mackenzie, Voyages; London, 1801, p. 33.
515 Klemm, C. G., vol. ii. p. 26.
516 Hayes, Arctic Boat Journey; London, I860, p. 217.
517 Le Jenne, Relation, etc. (1634); Paris, 1635, p. 91. Lafitau, vol. ii. p. 242.
518 Billings, Exp. to N. Russia; p. 159. Cook, 3rd Voy., vol. ii. p. 513. Kotzebue, vol. iii. p. 155.
519 Zucchelli, Merkwurdige Missions- und Reise-Beschreibung nach Congo; Frankfort, 1715, p. 344.
520 Aristoph., Nubes, 757, etc.
521 Pliny, xxxvi. 67, xxxvii. 10.
522 Davis, vol. iii. p. 51. Bastian, Oestl. Asien, vol. iii. p. 516. Pliny, ii. 111.
523 Plutarch, Vita Numse, ix. 7.
524 Festus. "Ignis Vestae si qnando interstinctus esset, virgines verberibua afficiebantur a pontificibus, quibus mos erat tabulaiu felicis materise tamdiu terebrare, qnousque exceptum ignem cribro aeneo virgo in swlem ferret." See Val. Max., L L 6.
525 Garcilaso de la Vega, p. 198.
526 Garcilaso de la Vega, p. 109. Compare Diego Fernandez, Hist del Peru, Seville, 1571; "y nadie podia tratar.m con versar con estas Mamaconas. Ysialguno lo intentana, luego le interrauan biuo."
527 Garcilaso de la Vega, p. 195.
528 Pint. T. Quinct. Flaminius, x.
529 Sarmiento, MS. cited in Prescott, Peru, vol. L p. 25.
530 Juan & Ulloa, Relacion Historica; Madrid, 1748, p. 619.
531 Pliny, xvi. 77.
532 Pr. Max. v. Wied, Reise nach Brasilien (1815), vol. ii. p. 19. Hylten Cavallius, Wai-end och Wirdarne, Stockholm, 1863-4, vol. i. p. 189, states within a generation there were old foresters in districts of Sweden who could still practise the ancient art of making fire by violently twirling a dry oak stick with their hands against a dry piece of wood. See also the account of the gnid-eld or "rubbing-fire," which was carried over the land as "need-fire." [Note to 3rd Edition.]
533 Goguet, vol. iii. p. 321. See Kuhn, p. 28, etc.
534 Euseb., Praep. Evang. i. x.
535 Kuhn, p. 110.
536 Stevenson, Sama Veda, p. 7.
537 If so, the upper and lower blocks may be the upper and lower arani, and the spindle the prainantha, or latra. See Kuhn, pp. 13, 15, 73; also Boehtlingk and Roth, s. v. arani, catra. The anointing with butter (Kuhn, p. 78), corresponds to the use of train oil by the Esquimaux.
538 Kuhn, Hera kunft des Feuers, etc., pp. 3640, citing Theophrastus, Hesycbius, Simplicius, Festus, etc.
539 Grimm, D. M., p. 570. Cord fire-drill used as toy in Switzerland, ibid. p. 573.
540 Grimm, D. M., pp. 5709. See ante, p. 253, note.
541 Kuhn, p. 4.0. Wuttke, Deutscher Yoiksabergsaube; Hamburg, 1860, p. 92. Brand, vol. iii. p. 286.
542 Brand, Popular Antiquities; London, 1853, vol. i. p. 157.
543 Kelly, Curiosities of European Tradition, p. 47.
544 Cap. Carlomanni in Grimm, D. M., p. 570.
545 Grimm, D. M., pp. 570, 579. See also Migne, Lex s. v. "Nedifri."
546 P. L. le Roy, Eraahlung der Begebenheiten, etc.; Riga, 1760. (An E. Tr. in Pinkerton, vol. i.)
547 It seems by a passage in Boturini (p. 18), that he had some reason to think they used flint to strike fire with, and if so, as they had no iron, they probably used pyrites.
548 Mouat,p.308.
549 Klemm, C. G., vol. iii. p. 222. Moffat, Missionary Labours, etc., in S. Al London, 1842, p. 521.
550 Ellis, Madagascar, vol. i. p. 72.
551 Barker-Webb and Berthelot, vol. i. part L p. 134.
552 Maury, La Terre & Homine; Paris, 1857, p. 572.
553 Klemm, C. G., vol. ii. p. 26 ; vol. iv. p. 120. Fitz Roy, in Tr. Eth. Soc., 1861, p. 4.
554 Cook, 1st Voy. H., vol. iii. p. 233. Lang, p. 347. Grey, Journals, vol. i. p. 176 ; vol. ii. p. 274. Klemm, C. G., vol. i. p. 307. Eyre, vol. ii. p. 289.
555 Lery, Hist, d'un Voy., etc., 1600, p. 153. Southey, Brazil, vol. L p. 216 ; vol. iii. pp. 337, 361. The word loucan seems connected with that now commonly used in Brazil. "Mocatm, donde fisemos moquem, assar na labareda." Dias Die. da Lingua Tupy.
556 Wallace, p. 220. Humboldt and Bonpland, vol. ii. p. 556. Purchas, vol. v. p. 899.
557 Hakluyt, vol. iii. p. 307.
558 Tschudi, Peru, vol. ii. p. 202.
559 Dampier, vol. ii. part i. p. 90.
560 Burton, Central Africa, vol. ii. p. 282. Kracheninnikow, p. 46. Dampier, vol. iii. part ii. p. 24. Keate, p. 203. See Earl, Papuans, p. 1G5.
561 Catlin, vol. i. p. 54.
562 Schoolcraft, part ii. p. 176.
563 Charlevoix, vol. vi. p. 47.
564 Schoolcraft, part i. p. 81.
565 Harmon, p. 323.
566 Mackenzie, p. 37, and see p. 207.
567 Schoolcraft, part i. p. 211.
568 Schoolcraft, part iii. pp. 107, 146.
569 Cook, Third Voy., vol. ii. p. 321. Klemm, C. G., vol. ii. pp. 26, 69.
570 Belcher, in Tr. Eth. Soc., vol. I 1861, p. 133.
571 Kracheninnikow, p. 30. Erman, Reise, vol. iii. p. 423.
572 Baines, in Anthrop. Rev., July, 1866, p. civ.
573 Cook, First Voy. H., vol. iii. p. 55; also Third Voy., vol. i. p. 158.
5741 Yate, New Zealand, p. 132.
575 Thomson, New Zealand, vol. i. p. 160.
576 Yate, p. 43.
577 Cook, Third Voy., vol. ii. p. 49 ; vol. i. p. 233. Second Voy., vol. I p. 310. First Voy. H., vol. ii. p. 254.
578 Tyennan & Bennet, vol. i. p. 493.
579 Wallis, H., vol. i. pp. 246, 264.
580 Kotzebue, vol. ii. pp. 47, 65.
581 Cook, Second Voy., vol. i. p. 214; vol. ii. p. 105. Third Voy., vol. i. p. 375. Klemm, C. G., vol. iv. p. 272. Williams, Fiji, vol. i. p. 617. Turner, p. 424. Mariner, vol. ii. p. 272. Keate, p. 336.
582 Linnaeus, Tour, vol. ii. p. 231. Such beer, called Steinbir, is made in Carinthia, by throwing hot stones into the vat. See W. O. Stanley, Memoirs on Ancient Dwellings in Holyhead, p. 19. [Note to 3rd Edition.]
583 J. Evans, in Archaeologia, vol. xli.
584 Dr. Hooker found baths of hollowed trees at Bhomsong, heated with hot stones, Himalayan Journals, vol. i. p. 305. Compare a similar process in N. W. America, Tr. Eth. Soc., vol. iv. p. 290.
585 E. Ysbrants Ides, Reize naar China; Amsterdam, 1710, p. 27.
586 Mackenzie, p. 207.
587 Erman (E. Tr.), vol. ii. pp. 456, 467.
588 Kracheninnikow, p. 142.
589 Herod., iv. 61.
590 The frequent use of wicker baskets for holding liquids, in Africa, may have a bearing on the history of stone-boiling. See mention of hot stones for melting or boiling fat, in Bleek, Reynard in Africa, pp. 8-10.
591 Cranz, p. 73; Linnaeus, vol. i. p. 356; Klemm, C. G., vol. ii. p. 266. Mem. Anthrop. Soc. vol. i. 1863-4, pp. 297-8.
592 Martin Frobisher, in Hakluyt, vol. iii. pp. 66, 95.
593 Evans, 1. c.
594 Rerum Scoticarum Historia, auctore Georgio Buchanano Scoto; (ad ex.) Edinburgh, 1528, p. 7.
595 Spix and Martius, vol. ii. p. 688. Wallace, p. 508.
596 St. John, vol. i. p. 137. Marsden, p. 60. Mouhot, vol. ii. p. 245. Cook, Third Voy., vol. ii p. 35. See Coleman, p. 318; Mariner, vol. ii. p. 272.
597 Goguet, vol. i. p. 77. Memoires touchant I'Etablissement d'une Mission Chrestienne dans le troisieme monde, autrement appelte la Terre Australe, etc.; Paris, 1663, pp. 10-16.
598 Buschmann, Azt. Spr., p. 702.
599 Purchas, vol. iii. p. 817.
600 Cook, Third Voy., vol. ii. p. 510.
601 Squier & Davis, pp. 195, 187. See the account in J. D. Hunter, Memoirs of Captivity among the Indians, London, 1623, p. 239; also Rau, 'Indian Pottery,' in Smithsonian Report, 1866.
602 Pr. Max., Voyage, vol. i. p. 192. Klemm, C. G., vol. ii. p. 63.
603 Klemm, C. G., vol. i. p. 188.
604 Wilson, Archaeology, etc., of Scotland, p. 230.
605 G. J. French, An Attempt, etc.; Manchester (printed), 1858.
606 Krapf, p. 67.
607 St. John, vol. ii. p. 235.
608 Livingstone, p. 638.
609 Vincentius Beluacensis, Speculum Historiale, 1473, book xxxii. c. vii.
610 Diog. Laert. viii. 1, 17. Plut. De Educatione Pueiorum, xvii. "In the Nijegorod Government it is still forbidden to break up the smouldering remains of tHe faggots in a stove with a poker; to do so might be to cause one's 'ancestors' to fall through into hell," Ralston, Songs of the Russian People, London, 1872, p. 120. [Note to 3rd Edition.]
611 Gr. W. Steller, Beschreibung von dem Lande Kamtschatka; Frankfort, 1774, 274.
612 Schoolcraft, part iii. p. 230.
613 Backhouse, Africa, p. 284. Andersson, p. 329.
614 Long's Exp , vol. i. p. 261. Klemm, C. G., vol. ii. pp. 169, 335. St. John, vol. i. pp. 62, 201. Lang, Queensland, p. 342. Eyre, vol. ii. p. 360.
615 Grey, Journals, vol. ii. p. 337.
616 Wilde, Cat. E. I. A., p. 19.
617 Southey, Brazil, vol. i. p. 238.
618 Hallam, Middle Ages, ch. vii. part ii. See Du Cange, s. v. "generatio."
619 Since the collection of the present evidence, Mr. J. F. M'Lennan has published his important treatise on Primitive Marriage, Edinburgh, 1865. In this work, the first systematic and scientific attempt to elicit general principles from the chaotic mass of details of savage law, he endeavours to trace the origin of the marriage-laws of the lower races, and to point out their effects still remaining in the customs of civilized nations. His classification of peoples as "endogamous" or "exogamous," according to their habit of marrying within or without the tribe or clan, is of great value in simplifying this most difficult and obscure problem. [Note to 2nd Edition.]
620 Dubois, vol. i. p. 10. Mauu, i. i. 5. See Coleman, p. 291.
621 Davis, vol. i. p. 264. Purchas, vol. iii. pp. 367, 394. Goguet, vol. iii. p. 322. Du Halde, Descr. de la Chine; The Hague, 1736, vol. ii. p. 145. De Mailla, vol. i. p. 6.
622 Bowring, vol. i. p. 185.
623 St. John, vol. i. p. 198.
624 Marsden, p. 228.
625 Letter of Raffles to Marsden, in Dr. W. Cooke Taylor, The Nat. Hist. of Society, vol. i. pp. 122-6.
626 Joum. Ind. Archip., vol. i. p. 300. Tr. Eth. Soc., vol. iii. p. 81.
627 Bastian, vol. iii. p. 299.
628 Klemm, C. G., vol. iii. p. 68. Acc. of Samuiedia, in Pinkerton, vol. ii. p. J32. Richardson, Polar Regions, p. 345.
629 Bastian, l. c.
630 Casalis, p. 191. Backhouse, Africa, p. 182. Burton in Tr. Eth. Soc., 1861, p. 321. Du Chaillu, p. 338.
631 Waitz, vol. ii. p. 201, see 355 (Zulus).
632 Munzinger, p. 319.
633 Eliis, Madagascar, vol. L p. 164.
634 Grey, Journals, vol. ii. pp. 225-30.
635 Eyre, vol. ii. p. 330.
636 Collins, vol. i. p. 559. Klemm, C. G., vol. i. pp. 233, 319.
637 Lang, p. 367.
638 Schoolcraft, part i. p. 52 ; part ii. p. 49. Loskiel, p. 72. Talbot, Disc, of Lederer, p. 4. Waitz, vol. iii. p. 106.
639 L. H. Morgan, League of the Iroquois, 1851, p. 79. This author has since, in two important works, attempted the task not only of tracing the position of the clan or gens in the history of society, but of framing a general theory of systems of marriage and kinship. See his 'Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity' (Smithsonian Contributions), Washington, 1871, and Ancient Society, New York and London, 1877. [Note to 3rd Edition.]
640 Mayne, Brit. Columbia, p. 257.
641 Landa, p. 140.
642 Bernau, p. 29.
643 Dobrizhoffer, vol. i. p. 63 ; vol. ii. p. 212. See Guuiilla, Hist. Nat., etc., de l'Orenoque; Avignon, 1753, vol. iii. p. 259.
644 Klemm, C. G., vol. iv. p. 26.
645 Wallace, p. 497. See Perty, p. 270.
646 Williams, vol. i. p. 174.
647 Dalton, Kols, in Tr. Eth. Soc., vol., vi. p. 27 ; see also Shortt, Jeypore, ibid, p. 266.
648 Bourien, ibid., vol. iii. p. 81.
649 Cranz, Gronland, p. 209. Hayes, Open Polar Sea; London, 1857, p. 437.
650 Doolittle, Chinese, vol. i. p. 104.
651 Hunnusch, Slaw. Mythus; p, 344.
652 Brand, vol. ii. p. 139, 147; E. J. Wood, The Wedding Day in all Ages, vol. ii.
Mr. M'Lennan (see above, p. 281) takes the same view as I have done of the import of the Spartan marriage, which he calls the "form of capture," as indicating previous habit of bride-capture in earnest. He argues from the wide distribution of the form, that the reality was prevalent in early social conditions of the human race. I have added several cases to those mentioned in the first edition of this work, and the whole should be ad del to Mr. M'Lennan's collection to represent the general evidence of the subject, which is one of much importance in the history of mankind.
653 Kleram, C. G., vol. iv. p. 24.
654 Southey, vol. i. p. 250.
655 Klemm, C. G., vol. ii. p. 77. Rochefort, Hist. Nat., etc., des lies Antilles; Rotterdam, 1665, p. 545.
656 Alvar Nufiz, in vol. i. of Historiadores Primitives de Indias; Madrid, 1852, etc., chap. xxv.
657 Long's Exp. vol. i. p. 253.
658 Schoolcraft, part ii. p. 196.
659 Harmon, p. 341.
660 Franklin, Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea; London, 1823, pp. 70-1. See Waitz, Anthropologie; vol. iii. p. 104.
661 Stanbridge in Tr. Eth. Soc., vol. i. p. 289; Oldfield, ibid., vol. iii. p. 151.
662 Eyre, vol. ii. p. 339.
663 Williams, vol. i. p. 136.
664 St. John, vol. 5. p. 51.
665 Klemm, C. G , vol. iii. p. 169. Erman, E. Tr., vol. ii. p. 420.
666 Munzinger, pp. 325, 526.
667 Waitz, vol. ii. p. 201.
668 J. G. Wood, Nat. Hist. of Man; Africa, p. 87.
669 Casalis, p. 201.
670 Livingstone, p. 62.
671 See St. John, Harmon, and Franklin, locis citatis.
672 Williams, Fiji, vol. i. pp. 136, 166. See Mariner, vol. ii. p. 147
673 Tr. Eth. Soc., vol. iii. p. 71.
674 M'CuIloh, Researches; Baltimore, 1829, p. 99. Waitz, vol. i. p. 294; E. Tr., p. 257. Humboldt & Bonpland, Tr., vol. vi. p. 333. Lafitau, vol. i. p. 49.
675 Du Tertre, Hist. Gen. des Antilles habitees par les Francais; Paris, 1667, vol. ii. p. 371, etc. See Rochefort, Hist. Nat. et Morales lies des Antilles; Rotterdam, 1665, 2nd ed. p. 550. It seems from his account that the very severe fasting was only for the first child, that for the others being slight.
676 Gilij, Saggio di Storia Americana, vol. ii. p. 133, etc.
677 Quandt, in Klemm, C. G. vol. ii. p. 83.
678 Dobrizhofier, Historia de Abiponibus; Vienna, 1784, vol. ii. p 231, etc. For other South American accounts of the couvade, see Biot, Voy. de la France Equinox., p. 389. Fermin, Descr. de Surinam; Amsterdam, 1769, p. 81. Mhudi, Peru, vol. ii. p. 235. Purchas, vol. iv. p. 1291. Spix & Martius, pp. ll6, 139. Ploss, Das Rind, vol. i. p. 10l
679 St. John, vol. i. p. 160. Tr. Eth. Soc., 1863, p. 233. Compare the eight days' fast in Madagascar of the fathers whose children were to be circumcised. Voy. of Precis Cauche, p. 51, in Rel. de Madagascar, etc.; Paris, 1651. See also Yate, New Zealand, p. 82.
680 Klemm, C. G., vol. ii p. 207. Steller, Kamchatka, p. 351. The Lapp superstition against putting a handle to an axe in the house of a lying-in woman, or lying knots in her garments, is similar. See Leems in Pinkerton, vol. i. p. 483.
681 Cranz, pp. 275, 258.
682 Wallace, p. 502. For other connected practices, see p. 501. Spix and Martius, pp. 381, 1186.
683 The above remarks of Bachofen's views are newly inserted in the present edition. See J. J. Bachofen, Das Mutterrecht, Stuttgart, 1861, pp. 17, 155, etc.; Martius, Beitrage zur Ethnographic und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, vol., i. pp 427, 441, 511, 643, 690; Sir E. Schomburgh, Travels in British Guiaua; Beruau, Guiana, p. 29. For further evidence and argument in support of the sympathetic-magical explanation of the couvade, see Bastian's important paper on Comparative Psychology in the Zeitschrift fur Volkerpsychologie, vol. v. (1857), and the elaborate dissertation on the couvade in Ploss, Das Kind, in Branch und Sitte der Volker, Stuttgart, 1876, vol. i. p. 125, etc. [Note to 3rd Edition.]
684 Diod. Sic. i. 80. Southey, vol. i, pp. 227, 248. Compare Spix and Martiua, p. 1339, and Martins, p. 392.
685 Mmu, ix. 31-40. J. F. M'Lennan in Fortnightly Rev., Apr. 15, 1866. Swedenborg, The True Christian Religion; 103.
686 Venegas, vol. i. p. 94; Bancroft, Native Races of Pacific States, vol. i. pp. 391, 585.
687 Zucchelli, p. 165.
688 C. v. der Hart, Reize rondom het eiland Celebes; Sgravenhage, 1853, p. 137.
689 Marco Polo, Latin ed., 1671, lib. ii. c. xli. Marsden's Tr.; London, 1813, p. 434.
690 W. Lockhart, in Tr. Eth. Soc. 1861, p. 181. Rochefort (p. 550) sets down the Japanese as practising the couvade ; and the same bare mention appears in later writers, who, perhaps, merely followed him. Is his statement based en proper evidence, or simply a mistake?
691 The details are from a nurse, born of English parents in India, and acquainted with native habits. [Note to 2nd Edition. ]
692 Apoll. Rhod. Argonautica, ii. 1009. C. Val. Place. Argon., v. 148.
693 Strabo, iii. 4, 17.
694 Michel, Le Pays Basque; Paris, 1857, p. 201. A. de Quatrefages, in Rev. des Deux Mondes, 1850, vol. v. It is now declared by Vinson that the couvade has not been found among the modern Basques, the allusions in writers of the last two centuries always referring to the Bearnais. See Wentworth Webster, Basque Legends, London, 1877, p. 232. [Note to 3rd Edition.]
695 Laborde, Itineraire de l'Espagne; Paris, 1834, vol. i. p. 273.
696 Legrand d'Aussy, Fabliaux du in et fin Siecle, 3rd ed.; Paris, 1829, vol. iii. "Aucassin et Nicolelte." Rochefort, l. c. [Faire la couvade, to sit cowring, or skowking within doors; to lurke in the campe when Gallants are at the Battell; (any way) to play least in sight (Cotgrave).] Diod. Sic. v. 14.
697 This paragraph, now first inserted, will serve to remove a misapprehension which I notice in Sir John Lubbock's Origin of Civilization, chap, i., where he mentions me as "regarding it (the couvade) as evidence that the races by whom it is practised belong to one variety of the human species." Some want of clearness in my remarks must have led him to read them in a sense so wide of their intention. For particulars of the German superstition as to godfathers and godchildren, see Wuttke, Deutsche Volksaberglaube, 2nd edition, Berlin, 1868, p. 364; their analogy with the couvade was pointed out by Bastian in the paper already referred to. [Note to 3rd Edition.]
698 Ellis, Polyn. Res., vol. i. p. 237.
699 Brasseur, Popol Vuh, pp. 231-43; Mexique, vol. i. pp. 169-73.
700 Procopius, ii. 206; Purchas, vol. iii. p. 499.
701 Grey, Journals, vol. i. p. 293.
702 St. John, vol. i. p. 202, and see under Chap. XII.
703 British Columbia, p. 279.
704 Eyre, vol. ii. p. 393.
705 Marsden, pp. 467, 474. See Ellis, Madagascar, vol. i. p. 39.
706 Charlevoix, vol. v. p. 187.
707 Humboldt, Vues des Cord., pl. xv.; Borgia MS. in Kingsborough, vol. iii.
708 Bates, Amazons, vol. ii. p. 128.
709 Falconer, Palaeontological Memoirs, London, 1863, vol. i. p. 375.
710 Bates, Amazons, vol. i. p. 73; vol. ii. p. 204.
711 Carter Blake in Tr. Eth. Soc. 1863, p. 169.
712 Hamilton Smith, Nat. Hist. of Human Sp., pp. 101-6.
713 Strabo, xvii. 1, 34.
714 Strabo, iii. 1, 5. Ellis, Polyn. Res., vol. ii. p. 414. See also Bastian, vol. ii. p. 58. Tac. Germ., c. 45.
715 Catlin, vol. ii. p. 70. Mela, ii. c. 5.
716 Strabo, iv. 1, 7.
717 J. F. M. y. Olfers, 'Die Ueberreste vorweltlicher Riesenthiere in Beziehung zu Ostasiatischen Sagen und Chinesischen Schriften' (Berlin Acad., 1839); Berlin; 1810.
718 Mem. contes les Chinois, vol. iv. p. 481. Klemm, C. G., vol. vi. p. 471.
719 Darwin, p. 127.
720 Herod., iii. 116. Erman, Reise, vol. i. pp. 711-2.
721 Ctesias, De Rebus Indicis, 12.
722 Klemm, C. G., vol. i. p. 155, and see p. 101.
723 Olfers, p. 12.
724 Erman, vol. i. p. 711. See Lane, Thousand and One Nights, vol. ii. p. 535; vol. iii. p. 85.
725 Buffon, Hist. Nat. (ed. Sonnini), vol. xxviil p. 264.
726 Le Jeune, Relations (1634), vol. i. p. 46. A remarkable resemblance appears in the description of the Slavonic Buydn, the ocean-island of the blest, where are to be found the Snake older than all snakes, the prophetic Raven, elder brother of all ravens, the Bird, largest and oldest of all birds, with iron beak and copper claws, and the Mother of Bees, eldest among bees; Ralston, Songs of the Russian People, p. 375. [Note to 3rd Edition.]
727 Morgan, p. 166.
728 Thos. Falkner, A Description of Patagonia, etc.; Hereford, 1774, p. 114.
729 Bates, vol. ii. p. 204.
730 Seemann, Viti, p. 66.
731 Oviedo, in Purchas, vol. v. p. 959.
732 Humboldt, Vues des Cord., pl. 26. Cieza de Leon, p. 189. Rivero and Tschudi, Ant. Per. p. 51.
733 Darwin, in Narr., vol. iii. p. 155.
734 Bernal Diaz, Conq. de la Nueva Espania; Madrid, 1795, vol. i. p. 350. Tylor, Mexico, p. 236. Clavigero, vol. i. p. 125. Humboldt, Vues des Cord., pl. 26.
735 Schoolcraft, part i. pp. 319, 390; part. ii. pp. 175, 224; part iii. pp. 232, 315, 319.
736 Wilson, Prehistoric Man, vol. i. p. 112.
737 In Polynesia, see Mariner, vol. i. p. 313.
738 Plin., ix. 4; v. 14.
739 Strabo, xvii. 3, 8.
740 Torrens, Ladak, etc, p. 87.
741 Olfere, p. 3. See also Grimm, D. M. p. 522.
742 Linnaeus, Tour, vol. i. p. 28.
743 Aug., De Civitate Dei, xv. 9.
744 Humboldt, Vues des Cord., pi 26.
745 Tennent, Ceylon, vol. i. p. 14.
746 Ellis, Polyn. Res., vol. ii. p. 58.
747 Turner, Polynesia, p. 249.
748 Cranz, p. 262. Again recently, C. F. Hall, Life with the Esquimaux; London; 1864, vol. ii. p. 318.
749 Steller, p. 47.
750 Herod., ii. 12.
751 Strabo, i. 3, 4.
752 Mela, L c. 6.
753 Ov. Met, xv. 264.
754 Mem. conc, les Chinois, vol. iv. p. 474. Klemm, C. G., vol. vi. p. 467.
755 De Pallio, ii. H. F. Link, Die Urwelt, etc.; Berlin, 1821, p. 4.
756 Button, Theorie de la Terre, vol. iii. p. 119.
757 Galvano, p. 26.
758 Simon, Noticias Historiales, etc.; Cuenca. 1627, p. 31.
759 Strahlenberg, Das Nord und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asien; Stockholm, 1730, p. 396. C. Hamilton Smith, p. 45.
760 Bibl. Topog. Brit.; London, 1790, vol. iii. part i, p. 241. Wilson, Archaeology, etc., of Scotland, p. 32.
761 Geol. Journal, Feb. 1863.
762 Schirren, Die Wandersagen der Neuseelancler und der Mauimythos; Riga, 1356.
763 Ellis, Polyn. Res., vol. i. p. 531.
764 Grimm, D. M., pp. 679-83. Wilson, 'Indian Tribes,' in Tr. Eth. Soc. vol. iv. p. 304. Turner, Polynesia, p. 247. See Mariner, vol. ii. p. 127.
765 Hayes, Arctic Boat Journey, p. 253. Different versions in Cranz, p. 295, Tr. Eth. Soc. vol. iv. p. 147.
766 Castor and Pollux.
767 Milligan, Papers, etc., of R. Soc. of Tasmania, vol. iii. part ii. 1859, p. 274.
768 Moffat, Missionary Labours, etc., in S. Africa; London, 1842, p. 126.
769 Hopkins, Hawaii; London, 1862, p. 67.
770 Boehtlingk & Roth, s. v. Kurma. Wilson, s. v. Kurmaraja. Coleman, p. 12. Vans Kennedy, Researches; London, 1831, pp. 216, 246. Holwell, Historical Events, etc.; London, 1766-7, part ii. p. 109. Falconer, in Proc. Zool. Soc., 1844, p. 86. See Sir W. Jones, in As. Res. vol. ii. p. 119. Bakleus, in Churchill's Voyages, vol. iii. p. 848. Wilson, Vishnu Purana; London, 1840, p. 75. W. v. Humboldt (Kawi-Spr., vol. i. p. 240) says with reference to the Naga Padoha, the great snake on whose three horns the world rests, "It seems to me not unlikely, that the idea of a world-bearing elephant lies at the bottom of the whole saga [of the snake, that is] and that the double meaning of Sanskrit nasa, elephant and snake, has brought confusion into the story."
771 Reinaud, Memoire sur 1'Inde; Paris, 1849, p. 116.
772 Pott, Anti-Kaulen; Lemgo, 1863, p. 68.
773 Weber, Indische Studien; Berlin, 1850, etc.; vol. i. p. 187. See also p. 81.
774 Avesta (tr. by Spiegel & Bleeck) Yasna, ix. 34. Lane, Thousand and One Nights, vol. iii. pp. 6, 79, see vol. i. p. 21. Eisenmenger, Entdecktes Jiulenthum, Konigsberg, 1711, part i. p. 399. St. Brandan, ed. T. Wright, London, 1844. Petri Siculi Hist. Manichreorum, recog. Gieseler, Gottingen, 1840, p. 34. Callaway, Zulu Nursery Tales, vol. i. pp. 2, 341.
775 Lafitan, vol. i. p. 99.
776 Loskiel, Kirt i. p. 30.
777 Schoolcraft, part i. pp. 390, 316.
778 Colcinan, p. 15.
779 Charlevoix, vol. vi. pp. 146, 65.
780 Catlin, vol. i. p. 181.
781 J. G. Muller, Amerikanische Urreligionen, pp. 61, 122.
782 This subject has since been more fully treated by the author in Primitive Culture, chap. ix.
783 Schoolcraft, part iii. pp. 318-20.
784 Somadeva Bhatta, vol. ii. pp. 118-184.
785 Grey, Polynesian Mythology, pp. 18, 81.
786 Schirren, pp. 143-44, 29. But the legend is very erroneously given.
787 J. & W. Grimm, Marchen, vol. i, pp. 142, 198, 28.
788 Grey, Polynesian Mythology, pp. 35-8.
789 Walpole, Four Years in the Pacific, vol. ii. p. 370.
790 Turner, Polynesia, pp. 245, 248. Tyerman & Bennet, vol. i. p. 40; and see vol. ii. p. 433. Ellis, Polyn. Res., vol. ii. p. 415.
791 Schoolcraft, Oneota; New York and London, 1845, p 75. See ante, p. 19.
792 Le Jeune (1637) in Relations des Jesuites dans la Nouvelle-France; Quebec, 1858, vol. i. p. 54. Schoolcraft, part iii. p. 320. See also page 344, in the present Chapter.
793 Richardson, Narr. of Franklin's Second Exp.; London, 1823, p. 291.
794 Rev. W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, London, I876, p. 62: another version, p. 70, mentions Mau's ropes breaking, till a noose was made of his sister's hair, as in the American story. [Note to 3rd Edition.]
795 Bastian, vol. ii. p. 58. Grimm, D. M., p 706. See Steinthal, Die Sage von Simson, in Lazarus & Steinthal's Zeitschrift; Berlin, 1862, vol. ii. p. 141.
796 Garcilaso de la Vega, part i. viii. 8. See also Acosta, Hist. del Nuevo Orbe, chap. v.
797 See also Schoolcraft, part. iii. p. 547; part i. plate 72, p. 373
798 J. & W. Grimm, Marchen, vol. ii. p. 133; vol. iii. pp. 193, 321.
799 Lewis & Clarke, p. 139. Catlin, vol. i. p. 173. See Loskiel, p. 31.
800 St John, vol. i. p. 202.
801 Lane, Thousand and One Nights; vol. iii. ch. 25. The early occurrence of this, which may be called the story of the Swan-coat, in the folk-lore of Northern Europe, is interesting. Among a number of instances, in the Volundarqvitha, three women sit on the shore with their swan-coats beside them, ready to turn into swans and fly away. Or three doves fly down to a fountain and become maidens when they touch the earth. Wielant takes their clothes and will not give them back till one be his wife, etc., etc. Grimm, D. M., pp. 393-1.
802 Schirren, p. 126. Compare Bornean story, Bp. of Labuan in Tr. Eth. Soc. 1853, p. 27.
803 Grey, Polynesian Mythology, p. 66, etc. Several incidents are here omitted. In another version Tawhaki goes up not by the creeper but upon a spider's web. (Thomson, N. Z., vol. i. p. 111. Yate, p. 144.) Other stories connected with this series are to be found in the Samoan group. The taro, like the rice in Borneo, is brought down from heaven ; there was a heaven-tree, where people went up and down, and when it fell it stretched some sixty miles; two young men went up to the moon, one by a tree, the other on the smoke of a fire as it towered into the sky (Turner, p. 246). In the Caroline Islands, another of these Kairvodrai goes up to heaven on a column of smoke to visit his celestial father (J. R. Forster, Obs. p. 600). In the Tonga Islands, Maui makes the toa grow up to heaven, so that the god Etumatubua can come down by it (Schirren, p. 76).
804 Humboldt & Bonpland, vol. ii. p. 276. D'Orbigny, L'Homme Americain; vol. ii. p. 102. A closely related version of the heaven-tree among the Guarayos, Martius, Ethnog. Amer., vol. i. p. 218. The following are to be added to the group of myths. The Waraus of the Essequibo district lived in heaven till Okonorote went after a shot arrow which had fallen through a hole in the sky; seeing the earth he made a rope ladder by which his people descended, till a fat one stuck in the hole and made return impossible, Bastian, Rechtsverhaltnisse, p. 291. The Ahts of Vancouver's Island know of an ascent by a rope to a region above the earth, Sproat. Scenes of Savage Life, London, 1868, p. 176. In the White Nile district, the Kych and Bari say God made all men good, and they lived with him in heaven, but as some of them turned bad he let them down by a rope to the earth; the good could climb up again by this rope to the sky, where there was dancing and beer and all was joyous, but the rope broke (or a bird bit it through) so there is no going up to heaven now; it is closed to men. A. Kaufmann, Gebiet des Weissen Flusses, Bremen, 1861, p. 123. [Note to 3rd Edition.]
805 Avesta, tr. by Spiegel & Bleeck, vol. i. p. 141, vol. ii. p. 14, vol. iii. p. 163; Alger, Doctrine of a Future Life; New York, 1866, p. 136.
806 Eisenmenger, Entd. Judenthum; part ii. p. 258.
807 Lane, Mod. Eg., vol. i. p. 95.
808 Prose Edda; Gvlfuginning, 49. Grimm, D. M., p. 794.
809 Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. ii. p. 275.
810 T. Wright, St. Patrick's Purgatory; London, 1844, p. 74, and elsewhere.
811 Schirren, pp. 122, 125. For China, see Doolittle, Social Life of the Chinese; vol. i. p. 173.
812 Mrs. Mason, p. 73; Mason in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1865, part ii. p. 197.
813 Journ. Ind. Archip. vol. iii. p. 557.
814 Cranz, Gronland, p. 264.
815 Keating, vol. ii. p. 154.
816 Long's Exp., vol. i. p. 280.
817 Catlin, vol. ii. p. 127. See J. G. Muller, Amer. Urrelig. pp. 87, 286.
818 Southey, Brazil, vol. iii. p. 186.
819 Schoolcraft in Pott, Ungleichlieit der Mensch lichen Eassen; Lemgo, 1856, p. 267.
820 Polack. N. Z., vol. i. p. 273. Meiners, vol. i. p. 302.
821 Le Jeune (1634), p. 63.
822 Williams, Fiji, vol. i. pp. 244, 205. Schirren, pp. 93, 110, etc.
823 Castren, p. 129, etc. Bosman, Guinea, in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 401. Mcpherson, p. 92. Journ. Ind. Archip., vol. i. p. 31.
824 Schoolcraft, part i. p. 321. Mackenzie, p. cxix.
825 Charlevoix, vol. vi. p. 76.
826 Schoolcraft, part ii. p. 135.
827 Lewis & Clarke, p. 139.
828 For further remarks on these subjects, see Tylor, Primitive Culture, chaps. xii.-xiv. [Note to 3rd Edition.]
829 Kuhn, pp. 128, 12.
830 The Voiage and Truvaile of Sir John Maundevile, Kt,; London, 1725, p. 204.
831 Herod, iii. c. 23.
832 J Grimm, D. M., p. 554. Perty, p. 149.
833 Lane, Thousand and One Nights, vol. i. p. 20. See Bastian, vol. ii. pp. 153, 371.
834 Schirren, p. 124.
835 Schirren, p. 80. Ellis, Polyn. Res. vol. ii. p. 47. Ellis, Hawaii; London, 1827, p. 399.
836 Turner, p. 353.
837 For etym. etc. of Batara Guru, see W. v. Humboldt, Kawi-Spr., vol. i. p. 100; Schirren, p. 116 ; also Crawfurd, Introd., p. cxviii. and s. v. batara, guru.
838 Gomara, Hist. Gen. de las Indias; Medina del Campo. 1553, part i, fol. xxiii. Petri Martyri De Orbe Novo (1516), ed. Hakluvt; Paris, 1587, dec. ii. c. 10. Galvano, p. 123.
839 Dasent, Popular Tales from the Norse; (2nd ed.) Edinburgh, 1859, pp. 1, 107.
840 Grimm, Reinhart Fuchs, pp. civ. cxxii. 51.
841 Grimm, Reinhart Fuchs, p. cxxvii.
842 Hudibras, part ii. canto iii.
843 Campbell, Popular Tales of the West Highlands; Edinburgh, 1860, vol. i. p. 272.
844 Brassenr, Popol-Vuh, pp. 113-25.
845 Roberts, Oriental Illustrations, p. 172.
846 D. B. Warden, Account of U. S.; Edinburgh, 1819, vol. i. p. 199.
847 Southey, vol. i. p. 142.
848 Wallace, p. 455.
849 Welcker, Griechische Gotterlehre; Gottingen, 1857, etc., vol. i. pp. 661-5. Grimm, D. M., pp. 221, 32l, 937-8, 944, 953. See Schirren, p. 101.
850 Mollat, pp. 257-9.
851 Livingstone, p. 124. He means, I presume, Pthah, or rather Pthah-Sokari Osiris.
852 Eyre, vol. ii. p. 362.
853 Toppig, Reise in Chile, etc.; Leipzig, 1835, vol. ii. p. 353. Klemm, C. G., vol. i. p. 276.
854 See above, p. 136. It appears, however, that the late Dr. Martins is no longer to lie reckoned among the supporters of the degeneration-theory, as in later years he saw cause to reverse his early views. Since the date of the first edition of I present work, he has published his opinion as to the Amazons tribes, that there is no ground for considering their barbarous condition a secondary one, nor that it preceded by a higher state of morals, or a past civilization. See Martius, Zur Ethnographic Amerika's, Leipzig, 1867, vol. i. p. 375; also Peschel, Volker-kunde, Leipzig, 1874, p. 137. [Note to 3rd Edition.]
855 R. G. Haliburton, New Materials for the History of Man; Halifax. N.S. 1863.